Role of body mass index and weight change in the risk of cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 66 cohort studies

• Published in: Journal of global health Vol. 14; p. 04067
• Main Authors: Shi, Xiaoye, Deng, Gengwen, Wen, Haiteng, Lin, Anqi, Wang, Haitao, Zhu, Lingxuan, Mou, Weiming, Liu, Zaoqu, Li, Xiaohua, Zhang, Jian, Cheng, Quan, Luo, Peng
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Scotland Edinburgh University Global Health Society 29.03.2024; International Society of Global Health
• Subjects: Bias; Body Mass Index; Breast cancer; Breast Neoplasms; Classification; Cohort analysis; Cohort Studies; Female; Health risks; Humans; Lung cancer; Lung Neoplasms - complications; Male; Meta-analysis; Obesity; Obesity - complications; Obesity - epidemiology; Overweight; Overweight - complications; Overweight - epidemiology; Prostate cancer; Risk reduction; Statistical analysis; Systematic review; Thinness; Weight control; Weight Loss
• ISSN: 2047-2978; 2047-2986; 2047-2986
• DOI: 10.7189/JOGH.14.04067

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of body mass index (BMI) and weight change on the risk of developing cancer overall and cancer at different sites. We searched PubMed and other databases up to July 2023 using the keywords related to 'risk', 'cancer', 'weight', 'overweight', and 'obesity'. We identified eligible studies, and the inclusion criteria encompassed cohort studies in English that focused on cancer diagnosis and included BMI or weight change as an exposure factor. Multiple authors performed data extraction and quality assessment, and statistical analyses were carried out using RevMan and R software. We used random- or fixed-effects models to calculate the pooled relative risk (RR) or hazard ratio along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess study quality. Analysis included 66 cohort studies. Compared to underweight or normal weight, overweight or obesity was associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer, kidney cancer, and liver cancer but a decreased risk of prostate cancer and lung cancer. Being underweight was associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer and lung cancer but not that of postmenopausal breast cancer or female reproductive cancer. In addition, weight loss of more than five kg was protective against overall cancer risk. Overweight and obesity increase the risk of most cancers, and weight loss of >5 kg reduces overall cancer risk. These findings provide insights for cancer prevention and help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying cancer development. Reviewregistry1786.