Immune Regulation and Immune Therapy in Melanoma: Review with Emphasis on CD155 Signalling

• Published in: Cancers Vol. 16; no. 11; p. 1950
• Main Authors: Wu, Li-Ying, Park, Su-Ho, Jakobsson, Haakan, Shackleton, Mark, Möller, Andreas
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.06.2024; MDPI
• Subjects: Cancer; Cancer immunotherapy; Cancer therapies; Care and treatment; CD155; CD226 antigen; Clinical outcomes; Combination therapy; Cytokines; Cytotoxicity; Development and progression; Disease resistance; Drug resistance; Endothelial cells; FDA approval; Health aspects; immune regulation; Immune response; Immune system; Immunogenicity; Immunoregulation; Immunotherapy; Ipilimumab; Killer cells; Kinases; Lymphocytes T; Malignancy; Medical law; Melanoma; Metastasis; Mutation; Patients; Proteins; Response rates; Review; Skin; Skin cancer; Suppressor cells; T cells; Toxicity; Tumor microenvironment; Tumors; tumour microenvironment; Vemurafenib; Australia
• ISSN: 2072-6694; 2072-6694
• DOI: 10.3390/cancers16111950

Melanoma is commonly diagnosed in a younger population than most other solid malignancies and, in Australia and most of the world, is the leading cause of skin-cancer-related death. Melanoma is a cancer type with high immunogenicity; thus, immunotherapies are used as first-line treatment for advanced melanoma patients. Although immunotherapies are working well, not all the patients are benefitting from them. A lack of a comprehensive understanding of immune regulation in the melanoma tumour microenvironment is a major challenge of patient stratification. Overexpression of CD155 has been reported as a key factor in melanoma immune regulation for the development of therapy resistance. A more thorough understanding of the actions of current immunotherapy strategies, their effects on immune cell subsets, and the roles that CD155 plays are essential for a rational design of novel targets of anti-cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we comprehensively discuss current anti-melanoma immunotherapy strategies and the immune response contribution of different cell lineages, including tumour endothelial cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, cytotoxic T cells, cancer-associated fibroblast, and nature killer cells. Finally, we explore the impact of CD155 and its receptors DNAM-1, TIGIT, and CD96 on immune cells, especially in the context of the melanoma tumour microenvironment and anti-cancer immunotherapies.