The effects of vacuum annealing on the structure and surface chemistry of iron nanoparticles

• Published in: Journal of nanoparticle research : an interdisciplinary forum for nanoscale science and technology Vol. 12; no. 5; pp. 1765 - 1775
• Main Authors: Scott, Thomas B., Dickinson, Michelle, Crane, Richard A., Riba, Olga, Hughes, Gareth M., Allen, Geoffrey C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer Netherlands 01.06.2010; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Annealing; Characterization and Evaluation of Materials; Chemistry and Materials Science; Corrosion resistance; Inorganic Chemistry; Iron; Lasers; Materials Science; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology; Optical Devices; Optics; Oxides; Photonics; Physical Chemistry; Recrystallization; Research Paper; Scanning electron microscopy; Surface chemistry; Nanoparticles; Vacuum anneal; Environmental remediation; Iron; XPS
• ISSN: 1388-0764; 1572-896X
• DOI: 10.1007/s11051-009-9732-9

In order to increase the longevity of contaminant retention, a method is sought to improve the corrosion resistance of iron nanoparticles (INP) used for remediation of contaminated water and thereby extend their industrial lifetime. A multi-disciplinary approach was used to investigate changes induced by vacuum annealing (<5 × 10 −8  mbar) at 500 °C on the bulk and surface chemistry of INP. The particle size did not change significantly as a result of annealing but the surface oxide thickness decreased from an average of 3–4 nm to 2 nm. BET analysis recorded a decrease in INP surface area from 19.0 to 4.8 m 2  g −1 , consistent with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations which indicated the diffusion bonding of previously discrete particles at points of contact. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed that recrystallisation of the metallic cores had occurred, converting a significant fraction of poorly crystalline iron to bcc α-Fe and Fe 2 B phases. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) indicated a change in the surface oxide stoichiometry from magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) towards wüstite (FeO) and the migration of boron and carbon to the particle surfaces. The improved core crystallinity and the presence of passivating impurity phases at the INP surfaces may act to improve the corrosion resistance and reactive lifespan of the vacuum annealed INP for environmental applications.