Challenges in investigation of diabetes-related aviation fatalities—an analysis of 1491 subsequent aviation fatalities in USA during 2011–2016

• Published in: International journal of legal medicine Vol. 132; no. 6; pp. 1713 - 1718
• Main Authors: Junttila, Ilkka S., Vuorio, Alpo, Budowle, Bruce, Laukkala, Tanja, Sajantila, Antti
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.11.2018; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Accidents; Accidents, Aviation - statistics & numerical data; Adult; Aged; Arteries; Atherosclerosis; Autopsies; Aviation; Blood Glucose - analysis; Coronary Artery Disease - pathology; Diabetes; Diabetes mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus - epidemiology; Diabetes Mellitus - metabolism; Diabetic ketoacidosis; Fatalities; Forensic Medicine; Glucose; Glucose - metabolism; Glycated Hemoglobin A - analysis; Hemoglobin; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia; Hypoglycemic Agents - blood; Ketone Bodies - blood; Lesions; Medical Law; Medicine & Public Health; Middle Aged; Original Article; Pilots; United States - epidemiology; Veins & arteries; Vitreous Body - metabolism; United States > US; Hyperglycemia; Accident investigation; Fatal flight accident; Diabetes; Diabetic ketoacidose; Hypoglycemia; Pilot incapacitation; Glucose measurement
• ISSN: 0937-9827; 1437-1596
• DOI: 10.1007/s00414-018-1879-4

Diabetes mellitus (DM) could cause pilot incapacitation and result in aviation fatalities. The mechanisms could be directly as a consequence of acute hypoglycemia/subacute diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) or indirectly as an acute cardiovascular event by contributing to the development of atherosclerosis in coronary or carotid and cerebral arteries. In this study, DM-related fatal flight accidents in the US National Transport Bureau’s database between years 2011–2016 were analyzed with special emphasis on postmortem (PM) glucose levels and correlation of toxicological reports with anamnestic information on DM. Additionally, autopsy results on coronary arteries were reviewed. In 43 out of 1491 (~ 3%) fatal accidents pilots had DM. Postmortem glucose or glycated hemoglobin percentage (Hb1Ac) was measured in 12 of the 43 cases; while antidiabetic medication was found in 14 of the cases (only two of the cases had both glucose measurements and medication). With the increasing prevalence of DM, a possibility of pilot incapacitation due to DM or complications of DM should be actively studied, even if no anamnestic information of DM was available. While PM hypoglycemia is difficult to assess, we propose a systematic investigation based on measurement of glucose, Hb1Ac%, and ketone bodies, and documentation of atherosclerotic lesions in major arteries to identify or rule out DM as a cause of pilot incapacitation.