Extracellular Matrices for Bone Regeneration: A Literature Review

• Published in: Tissue engineering. Part A Vol. 23; no. 23-24; pp. 1436 - 1451
• Main Authors: Mansour, Alaa, Mezour, Mohamed Amine, Badran, Zahi, Tamimi, Faleh
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Mary Ann Liebert, Inc 01.12.2017; Mary Ann Liebert
• Subjects: Allografts; Angiogenesis; Animals; Autografts; Biocompatible Materials - chemistry; Biocompatible Materials - pharmacology; Biomedical materials; Bone and Bones - cytology; Bone and Bones - metabolism; Bone biomaterials; Bone composition; Bone grafts; Bone growth; Bone Regeneration - drug effects; Bone surgery; Cartilage; Cell division; Chondrocytes; Collagen; Defects; Extracellular matrix; Extracellular Matrix - chemistry; Geriatry and gerontology; Glycosaminoglycans; Growth factors; Human health and pathology; Humans; Hydrogels; Hydroxyapatite; Life Sciences; Ligands; Literature reviews; Long bone; Mesenchyme; Osteoblasts; Peptides; Proteins; Regeneration; Rhumatology and musculoskeletal system; Self-assembly; Skin & tissue grafts; Special Focus Articles; Stem cells; Tissue engineering; Tissue Engineering - methods; Trace elements; Canada; Montreal Quebec Canada; bone regeneration; extracellular matrix; decellularization
• ISSN: 1937-3341; 1937-335X; 1937-335X
• DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0026

The gold standard material for bone regeneration is still autologous bone, a mesenchymal tissue that consists mainly of extracellular matrix (ECM) (90% v/v) and little cellular content (10% v/v). However, the fact that decellularized allogenic bone grafts often present a clinical performance comparable to autologous bone grafts demonstrates the crucial role of ECM in bone regeneration. For long, the mechanism by which bone allografts function was not clear, but recent research has unveiled many unique characteristics of ECM that seem to play a key role in tissue regeneration. This is further confirmed by the fact that synthetic biomaterials with composition and properties resembling bone ECM present excellent bone regeneration properties. In this context, ECM molecules such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and self-assembly peptides (SAPs) can improve the performance of bone regeneration biomaterials. Moreover, decellularized ECM derived either from native tissues such as bone, cartilage, skin, and tooth germs or from cells such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and stem cells has shown promising results in bone regeneration applications. Understanding the role of ECM in bone regeneration is crucial for the development of the next generation of biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. In this sense, this review addresses the state-of-the-art on this subject matter.