Radiation hazard assessment from NORM-added paint products in Malaysia

• Published in: Journal of King Saud University. Science Vol. 34; no. 3; p. 101850
• Main Authors: Abu Hanifah, N.Z.H., Hashim, S., Hassan, Halmat J., Abdul Hadi, M.R.F, Sanusi, M.S.M., Bradley, D.A., García-Tenorio, R., Tahar, R.M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01.04.2022; Elsevier
• Subjects: Consumer products; GMC simulation; Ion paint; Naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM); Regulations; Ion paint; Regulations; GMC simulation; Naturally occurring radioactive material (NORM); Consumer products
• ISSN: 1018-3647
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101850

Across the globe, radioactive consumer products are widely marketed for daily use. The present study investigated commercially available ion paint, and the evaluations were using gamma (γ)-ray spectroscopy and Geant4 Monte Carlo (GMC) simulations. An assessment of a radiological risk arising from using such products in the painting of living areas is conducted when Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (TENORM) was observed, with a daily inhalation exposure dose being of particular concern. Organ doses were simulated using adult mathematical Medical Internal Radiation Dose 5 (MIRD5)-type phantoms, incorporating dose conversion factors (DCFs). Results showed that a product sample code of IP04 contained the highest activity, i.e., 4449 ± 530, 31888 ± 2175, and 2963 ± 405 Bq kg−1, for 238U, 232Th, and 40K, respectively. Contrarily, NP18 recorded the lowest, i.e., 16 ± 2 and 30 ± 5, Bq kg−1 of 238U and 232Th, respectively. The IP04 paint offered the most significant concentrations, with mean percentages of 0.026, 0.81, and 0.06 for 238U, 232Th, and 212Pb, respectively. Its use in a designated Room 1 had resulted in an annual effective dose of 1.53 mSv y−1, assuming an exposure for a period of 8 h day−1. In brief, using these ion paints could result in amounts that exceed the annual public dose limit of 1 mSv.