Tracing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Warm Dust Emission in the Seyfert Galaxy NGC 1068

• Published in: The Astronomical journal Vol. 134; no. 5; pp. 2086 - 2097
• Main Authors: Howell, Justin H, Mazzarella, Joseph M, Chan, Ben H. P, Lord, Steven, Surace, Jason A, Frayer, David T, Appleton, P. N, Armus, Lee, Evans, Aaron S, Bothun, Greg, Ishida, Catherine M, Kim, Dong-Chan, Jensen, Joseph B, Madore, Barry F, Sanders, David B, Schulz, Bernhard, Vavilkin, Tatjana, Veilleux, Sylvain, Xu, Kevin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: IOP Publishing 01.11.2007
• ISSN: 1538-3881; 0004-6256; 1538-3881
• DOI: 10.1086/521821

We present a study of the nearby Seyfert galaxy NGC 1068 using mid- and far-infrared data acquired with the IRAC, IRS, and MIPS instruments aboard the Spitzer Space Telescope. The images show extensive 8 and 24 mm emission coinciding with star formation in the inner spiral approximately 15'' (1 kpc) from the nucleus and a bright complex of star formation ~47'' (3 kpc) southwest of the nucleus. The brightest 8 mm polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission regions coincide remarkably well with knots observed in an Ha image. Strong PAH features at 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, and 11.3 mm are detected in IRS spectra measured at numerous locations inside, within, and outside the inner spiral. The IRAC colors and IRS spectra of these regions rule out dust heated by the active galactic nucleus (AGN) as the primary emission source; the spectral energy distributions are dominated by starlight and PAH emission. The equivalent widths and flux ratios of the PAH features in the inner spiral are generally consistent with conditions in a typical spiral galaxy interstellar medium (ISM). Interior to the inner spiral, the influence of the AGN on the ISM is evident via PAH flux ratios indicative of a higher ionization parameter and a significantly smaller mean equivalent width than observed in the inner spiral. The brightest 8 and 24 mm emission peaks in the disk of the galaxy, even at distances beyond the inner spiral, are located within the ionization cones traced by [O III]/Hb, and they are also remarkably well aligned with the axis of the radio jets. Although it is possible that radiation from the AGN may directly enhance PAH excitation or trigger the formation of OB stars that subsequently excite PAH emission at these locations in the inner spiral, the orientation of collimated radiation from the AGN and star formation knots in the inner spiral could be coincidental. The brightest PAH- and 24 mm-emitting regions are also located precisely where two spiral arms of molecular gas emerge from the ends of the inner stellar bar; this is consistent with kinematic models that predict maxima in the accumulation and compression of the ISM, where gas gets trapped within the inner Lindblad resonance of a large stellar bar that contains a smaller, weaker bar.