Neuroprotective and anxiolytic potential of green rooibos () polyphenolic extract

• Published in: Food & function Vol. 13; no. 1; pp. 91 - 11
• Main Authors: López, Víctor, Cásedas, Guillermo, Petersen-Ross, Kelly, Powrie, Yigael, Smith, Carine
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Royal Society of Chemistry 04.01.2022
• Subjects: Acetylcholinesterase; Amine oxidase (flavin-containing); Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents - chemistry; Anti-Anxiety Agents - pharmacology; Antioxidants; Aspalathus - chemistry; Aspalathus linearis; Behavior, Animal - drug effects; Caffeine; Cell survival; Cell viability; Danio rerio; Excitotoxicity; Free radicals; Functional foods & nutraceuticals; Hydrogen peroxide; Intracellular; Larva - drug effects; Larvae; Neuroprotection; Neuroprotective Agents - chemistry; Neuroprotective Agents - pharmacology; Oxidation; Oxidizing agents; Plant Extracts - chemistry; Plant Extracts - pharmacology; Polyphenols - chemistry; Polyphenols - pharmacology; Tea; Tyrosinase; Vitamins; Xanthine oxidase; Zebrafish; γ-Aminobutyric acid
• ISSN: 2042-6496; 2042-650X
• DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03178c

South African rooibos ( Aspalathus linearis ) tea is globally consumed for its health benefits and caffeine free nature, but no information is available on the neuroprotective capacity of (unfermented) green rooibos. Our aim was to investigate the cytoprotective activity of green rooibos in neuronal cells, including probing antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties that could explain observed effects in these cells. We also investigated the anxiolytic potential of green rooibos using zebrafish larval models. Green rooibos extract (Green oxithin™) was assessed for its neuroprotective potential in Neuro-2a cells treated with different concentrations of the extract (12.5-25-50-100 μg mL −1 ) and different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (250 or 125 μM) as oxidizing agent. Cell viability (MTT) and redox status (intracellular ROS) were also quantified in these cells. Antioxidant properties of the extract were quantified using cell-free systems (DPPH, ORAC and xanthine/xanthine oxidase), and potential neuroprotection evaluated in terms of its potential to inhibit key enzymes of the CNS (monoamine oxidase A (MOA-A), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrosinase (TYR)). Results demonstrated that green rooibos extract exerted significant cytoprotective properties in Neuro-2a cells, particularly when exposed to lethal 250 μM hydrogen peroxide, increasing cell survival by more than 100%. This may be ascribed (at least partially) to its capacity to limit intracellular ROS accumulation in these cells. Data from cell-free systems confirmed that green rooibos was able to scavenge free radicals (synthetic and physiological) in a dose dependent manner with a similar profile activity to vitamins C and E. Green rooibos also acted as a moderate MAO-A inhibitor, but had no significant effect on AChE or TYR. Finally, zebrafish larvae treated with lower doses of green rooibos demonstrated a significant anxiolytic effect in the light-dark anxiety model. Using the PTZ excitotoxicity model, green rooibos was shown to rescue GABA receptor signalling, which together with its demonstrated inhibition of MAO-A, may account for the anxiolytic outcome. Current data confirms that green rooibos could be considered a "functional brain food" and may be a good option as starting ingredient in the development of new nutraceuticals. Unfermented rooibos has neuroprotective function. Mechanisms of action elucidated in neuronal cells and zebrafish include limitation of intracellular ROS accumulation, mild inhibition of MAO-A activity and potential upregulation of GABA signaling.