Phasor-Based Myoelectric Synergy Features: A Fast Hand-Crafted Feature Extraction Scheme for Boosting Performance in Gait Phase Recognition

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 24; no. 17; p. 5828
• Main Authors: Tigrini, Andrea, Mobarak, Rami, Mengarelli, Alessandro, Khushaba, Rami N., Al-Timemy, Ali H., Verdini, Federica, Gambi, Ennio, Fioretti, Sandro, Burattini, Laura
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 08.09.2024
• Subjects: Accuracy; Adult; Algorithms; Deep Learning; Discriminant Analysis; Electromyography - methods; Embedded systems; EMG; feature extraction; Female; Gait; Gait - physiology; Humans; Investigations; lower limb; Machine learning; Male; myoelectric control; Neural networks; Pattern recognition systems; Prostheses; Sensors; Signal processing; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Support Vector Machine; Support vector machines; Time series; assistive devices; deep learning; feature extraction; gait; lower limb; myoelectric control; EMG
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s24175828

Gait phase recognition systems based on surface electromyographic signals (EMGs) are crucial for developing advanced myoelectric control schemes that enhance the interaction between humans and lower limb assistive devices. However, machine learning models used in this context, such as Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), typically experience performance degradation when modeling the gait cycle with more than just stance and swing phases. This study introduces a generalized phasor-based feature extraction approach (PHASOR) that captures spatial myoelectric features to improve the performance of LDA and SVM in gait phase recognition. A publicly available dataset of 40 subjects was used to evaluate PHASOR against state-of-the-art feature sets in a five-phase gait recognition problem. Additionally, fully data-driven deep learning architectures, such as Rocket and Mini-Rocket, were included for comparison. The separability index (SI) and mean semi-principal axis (MSA) analyses showed mean SI and MSA metrics of 7.7 and 0.5, respectively, indicating the proposed approach’s ability to effectively decode gait phases through EMG activity. The SVM classifier demonstrated the highest accuracy of 82% using a five-fold leave-one-trial-out testing approach, outperforming Rocket and Mini-Rocket. This study confirms that in gait phase recognition based on EMG signals, novel and efficient muscle synergy information feature extraction schemes, such as PHASOR, can compete with deep learning approaches that require greater processing time for feature extraction and classification.