Alkaliphilic Bacillus species show potential application in concrete crack repair by virtue of rapid spore production and germination then extracellular calcite formation

• Published in: Journal of applied microbiology Vol. 122; no. 5; pp. 1233 - 1244
• Main Authors: Sharma, T.K., Alazhari, M., Heath, A., Paine, K., Cooper, R.M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Oxford University Press 01.05.2017
• Subjects: Alanine; Alanine - metabolism; Aragonite; Atomic absorption analysis; Atomic absorption spectroscopy; Atomic beam spectroscopy; Atomic structure; Bacillus; Bacillus - growth & development; Bacillus - metabolism; Bacillus sporulation; Calcite; Calcium; Calcium carbonate; Calcium Carbonate - metabolism; Cellular biology; Concrete; concrete durability; Cracks; Crystals; Durability; endospore germination; Fourier transforms; Germination; Inosine - metabolism; Kinetics; Light microscopy; Microbiology; microcrack healing; Microcracks; Microorganisms; Microscopy; Occlusion; Optical density; Raman spectroscopy; Remediation; Sealing; Sodium chloride; Species; Spectral analysis; Spectroscopy; Spectrum analysis; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Spores; Spores, Bacterial - growth & development; Spores, Bacterial - metabolism; survivability of spores; Bacillus sporulation; microcrack healing; survivability of spores; endospore germination; concrete durability
• ISSN: 1364-5072; 1365-2672
• DOI: 10.1111/jam.13421

Aims Characterization of alkaliphilic Bacillus species for spore production and germination and calcite formation as a prelude to investigate their potential in microcrack remediation in concrete. Methods and Results Conditions, extent and timing of endospore production was determined by dark‐field light microscopy; germination induction and kinetics were assessed by combining reduction in optical density with formation of refractile bodies by phase‐contrast microscopy. Bacillus pseudofirmus was selected from several species as the most suitable isolate. Levels and timing of calcium carbonate precipitated in vitro by B. pseudofirmus were evaluated by atomic absorption spectroscopy and structural identity confirmed as calcite and aragonite by Raman spectroscopy and FTIR. The isolate produced copious spores that germinated rapidly in the presence of germinants l‐alanine, inosine and NaCl. Bacterial cells produced CaCO3 crystals in microcracks and the resulting occlusion markedly restricted water ingress. Conclusions By virtue of rapid spore production and germination, calcium carbonate formation in vitro and in situ, leading to sealing of microcracks, B. pseudofirmus shows clear potential for remediation of concrete on a commercial scale. Significance and Impact of the Study Microbial sealing of microcracks should become a practicable and sustainable means of increasing concrete durability.