A Multichannel Conflict-Free Mac Protocol for Enhancing RPMA Scalability

• Published in: Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 23; no. 23; p. 9363
• Main Authors: Alsaeedi, Enas Ali, Bouabdallah, Fatma
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 23.11.2023
• Subjects: Communication; Costs; Energy consumption; internet of things (IoT); Laws, regulations and rules; Low Power Wide Area (LPWA); multichannel; Protocol; Random Phase Multiple Access (RPMA); scalability; Simulation methods; Spectrum allocation; Spread spectrum; protocol; Low Power Wide Area (LPWA); multichannel; internet of things (IoT); Random Phase Multiple Access (RPMA); scalability
• ISSN: 1424-8220; 1424-8220
• DOI: 10.3390/s23239363

The internet of things (IoT) revolutionized human life, whereby a large number of interrelated devices are connected to exchange data in order to accomplish many tasks, leading to the rapid growth of connected devices, reaching the tens of billions. The Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) protocols paradigm has emerged to satisfy the IoT application requirements, especially in terms of long-range communication and low power consumption. However, LPWA technologies still do not completely meet the scalability requirement of IoT applications. The main critical issues are the restrictive duty cycle regulations of the sub-GHz band in which most LPWA technologies operate, as well as the random access to the medium. Ingenu Random Phase Multiple Access (RPMA) is an LPWA technology that uses the 2.4 GHz band that is not subject to the duty cycle constraint. Furthermore, RPMA uses Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) as a modulation technique; hence, it is an excellent candidate technology for handling scalable LPWA networks. In this paper, we perform mathematical and simulation analysis to assess RPMA scalability and the factors that affect it, especially when all the available channels are used. The results indicate that RPMA has impressive scalability. Indeed, by taking advantage of the multichannel feature in RPMA, the network capacity can be increased by up to 38 times. Aditionally, randomly selecting the Spreading Factors (SF) degrades the network scalability, as working on higher SFs will increase the probability of collision. Thus, we proposed an SF distribution algorithm that ensures effective packet delivery with minimum collision.