Pharmacokinetics of 6-Gingerol, 8-Gingerol, 10-Gingerol, and 6-Shogaol and Conjugate Metabolites in Healthy Human Subjects
Background: Ginger shows promising anticancer properties. No research has examined the pharmacokinetics of the ginger constituents 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol in humans. We conducted a clinical trial with 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol, examining the pharma...
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Published in | Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention Vol. 17; no. 8; pp. 1930 - 1936 |
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Main Authors | , , , , , , , |
Format | Journal Article |
Language | English |
Published |
Philadelphia, PA
American Association for Cancer Research
01.08.2008
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Subjects | |
Online Access | Get full text |
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Summary: | Background: Ginger shows promising anticancer properties. No research has examined the pharmacokinetics of the ginger constituents
6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol in humans. We conducted a clinical trial with 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol,
and 6-shogaol, examining the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of these analytes and their conjugate metabolites.
Methods: Human volunteers were given ginger at doses from 100 mg to 2.0 g ( N = 27), and blood samples were obtained at 15 minutes to 72 hours after a single p.o. dose. The participants were allocated
in a dose-escalation manner starting with 100 mg. There was a total of three participants at each dose except for 1.0 g ( N = 6) and 2.0 g ( N = 9).
Results: No participant had detectable free 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, or 6-shogaol, but 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol,
10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol glucuronides were detected. The 6-gingerol sulfate conjugate was detected above the 1.0-g dose,
but there were no detectable 10-gingerol or 6-shogaol sulfates except for one participant with detectable 8-gingerol sulfate.
The C max and area under the curve values (mean ± SE) estimated for the 2.0-g dose are 0.85 ± 0.43, 0.23 ± 0.16, 0.53 ± 0.40, and 0.15
± 0.12 μg/mL; and 65.6.33 ± 44.4, 18.1 ± 20.3, 50.1 ± 49.3, and 10.9 ± 13.0 μg·hr/mL for 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol,
and 6-shogaol. The corresponding t max values are 65.6 ± 44.4, 73.1 ± 29.4, 75.0 ± 27.8, and 65.6 ± 22.6 minutes, and the analytes had elimination half-lives <2
hours. The 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol conjugates were present as either glucuronide or sulfate conjugates, not
as mixed conjugates, although 6-gingerol and 10-gingerol were an exception.
Conclusion: Six-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol are absorbed after p.o. dosing and can be detected as glucuronide
and sulfate conjugates. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(8):1930–6) |
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ISSN: | 1055-9965 1538-7755 |
DOI: | 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2934 |