Delivery of retinoic acid to LNCap human prostate cancer cells using solid lipid nanoparticles

• Published in: International journal of pharmaceutics Vol. 493; no. 1-2; pp. 161 - 171
• Main Authors: Akanda, Mushfiq H., Rai, Rajeev, Slipper, Ian J., Chowdhry, Babur Z., Lamprou, Dimitrios, Getti, Giulia, Douroumis, Dennis
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 30.09.2015
• Subjects: Antineoplastic Agents - administration & dosage; Antineoplastic Agents - pharmacology; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Cell Line, Tumor; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Cytotoxicity; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Carriers; Drug Liberation; Drug Stability; Flow Cytometry; Freeze Drying; Humans; Lipids - chemistry; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Nanoparticles - chemistry; Particle Size; Prostate cancer; Prostatic Neoplasms - drug therapy; Retinoic acid; Solid lipid nanoparticles; Solubility; Tretinoin - administration & dosage; Tretinoin - pharmacology; X-Ray Diffraction; Flow cytometry; Cytotoxicity; Retinoic acid; Prostate cancer; Solid lipid nanoparticles
• ISSN: 0378-5173; 1873-3476
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.042

[Display omitted] In this study retinoic acid (RTA) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were optimized by tuning the process parameters (pressure/temperature) and using different lipids to develop nanodispersions with enhanced anticancer activity. The RTA-SLN dispersions were produced by high-pressure homogenization and characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, stability, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and in vitro drug release. Thermal and X-ray analysis showed the RTA to be in the amorphous state, whilst microscopic images revealed a spherical shape and uniform particle size distribution of the nanoparticles. Anticancer efficiency was evaluated by incubating RTA-SLNs with human prostate cancer (LNCap) cells, which demonstrated reduced cell viability with increased drug concentrations (9.53% at 200ug/ml) while blank SLNs displayed negligible cytotoxicity. The cellular uptake of SLN showed localization within the cytoplasm of cells and flow cytometry analysis indicated an increase in the fraction of cells expressing early apoptotic markers, suggesting that the RTA loaded SLNs are able to induce apoptosis in LNCap cells. The RTA-SLN dispersions have the potential to be used for prostate anticancer treatment.