Molecular Mechanisms That Define Redox Balance Function in Pathogen-Host Interactions-Is There a Role for Dietary Bioactive Polyphenols?

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 20; no. 24; p. 6222
• Main Authors: Mu, Kaiwen, Wang, Danni, Kitts, David D
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 10.12.2019; MDPI
• Subjects: 1-Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT protein; Bacteria; Bacteria - pathogenicity; Bacterial infections; Bacterial Infections - metabolism; Bacterial Infections - prevention & control; Biological activity; Cell growth; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Effectors; Gene expression; GTP-binding protein; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Hydrogen peroxide; Immune response; Immune system; Infections; Kinases; MAP kinase; Microbial Viability - drug effects; Microorganisms; Molecular interactions; Molecular modelling; NAD(P)H oxidase; NF-κB protein; Nitrogen dioxide; Oxidation-Reduction - drug effects; Oxidative stress; p21-activated kinase; Pathogens; Phosphorylation; Polyphenols; Polyphenols - pharmacology; Polyphenols - therapeutic use; Protein kinase; Proteins; Review; Salmonella; Signal transduction; Signal Transduction - drug effects; Survival; Virulence; pathogen infection; polyphenols; redox biology; immune recognition; catalase; reactive oxygen species
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246222

To ensure a functional immune system, the mammalian host must detect and respond to the presence of pathogenic bacteria during infection. This is accomplished in part by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that target invading bacteria; a process that is facilitated by NADPH oxidase upregulation. Thus, bacterial pathogens must overcome the oxidative burst produced by the host innate immune cells in order to survive and proliferate. In this way, pathogenic bacteria develop virulence, which is related to the affinity to secrete effector proteins against host ROS in order to facilitate microbial survival in the host cell. These effectors scavenge the host generated ROS directly, or alternatively, manipulate host cell signaling mechanisms designed to benefit pathogen survival. The redox-balance of the host is important for the regulation of cell signaling activities that include mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p21-activated kinase (PAK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathways. An understanding of the function of pathogenic effectors to divert host cell signaling is important to ascertain the mechanisms underlying pathogen virulence and the eventual host-pathogen relationship. Herein, we examine the effectors produced by the microbial secretion system, placing emphasis on how they target molecular signaling mechanisms involved in a host immune response. Moreover, we discuss the potential impact of bioactive polyphenols in modulating these molecular interactions that will ultimately influence pathogen virulence.