Measures of anticholinergic drug exposure, serum anticholinergic activity, and all-cause postdischarge mortality in older hospitalized patients with hip fractures

• Published in: The American journal of geriatric psychiatry Vol. 21; no. 8; p. 785
• Main Authors: Mangoni, Arduino A, van Munster, Barbara C, Woodman, Richard J, de Rooij, Sophia E
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England 01.08.2013
• Subjects: Age Factors; Aged, 80 and over; Cholinergic Antagonists - adverse effects; Cholinergic Antagonists - blood; Cholinergic Antagonists - therapeutic use; Cognition Disorders - blood; Cognition Disorders - chemically induced; Cognition Disorders - drug therapy; Delirium - chemically induced; Female; Hip Fractures - blood; Hip Fractures - drug therapy; Hip Fractures - mortality; Hip Fractures - surgery; Humans; Length of Stay; Male; Postoperative Complications - chemically induced; mortality; older patients; Anticholinergic drug scoring systems; cognitive impairment; delirium; serum anticholinergic activity
• ISSN: 1545-7214
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.012

To assess possible associations between anticholinergic drug exposure and serum anticholinergic activity (SAA) and their capacities to predict all-cause mortality in older hospitalized patients. Academic medical center. Data on clinical characteristics, full medication exposure, SAA, and 4 anticholinergic drug scoring systems (ADSSs: Anticholinergic Risk Scale [ARS], Anticholinergic Drug Scale, Anticholinergic Burden scale, and anticholinergic component of the Drug Burden Index) were collected in 71 older hospitalized patients (age 84 ± 6 years) awaiting surgical repair after hip fractures. The median (range) SAA was 2.8 (1.1-4.9) pmol/mL. Age (ρ = 0.25, p = 0.03), Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living score (ρ = 0.39, p = 0.001), in-hospital delirium (ρ = 0.29, p = 0.01), preadmission cognitive impairment (ρ = 0.31, p = 0.01), and the number of nonanticholinergic drugs (n-NA, ρ = -0.27, p = 0.02) were associated with SAA. No significant associations were detected between ADSSs and SAA. Cognitive impairment (β = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7 to 2.5, p = 0.005) and n-NA (β = -0.3, 95% CI: -0.5 to -0.03, p = 0.03) were independently associated with SAA. Cognitive impairment (hazard ratio [HR]: 6.7, 95% CI: 1.1 to 40.3, p = 0.04) and higher ARS scores (HR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.2 to 3.7, p = 0.006) independently predicted 3-month mortality whereas in-hospital delirium (HR: 3.6, 95% CI: 1.3 to 10.3, p = 0.02), living at home (HR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.0 to 0.9, p = 0.03), and length of hospital stay (HR: 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.2, p = 0.004) independently predicted 1-year mortality after adjustment for age, gender, and Charlson comorbidity index. Cognitive impairment and n-NA, but not ADSSs, are independently associated with SAA in older hospitalized patients. The ARS score, together with cognitive impairment, in-hospital delirium, place of residence, and length of hospital stay, predicts all-cause mortality in this group.