VR exergame interventions among older adults living in long-term care facilities: A systematic review with Meta-analysis

• Published in: Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine Vol. 66; no. 3; p. 101702
• Main Authors: Chen, Po-Jung, Hsu, Hui-Fen, Chen, Kuei-Min, Belcastro, Frank
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier Masson SAS 01.04.2023
• Subjects: Aged; Exercise; Exercise Therapy - methods; Exergame; Exergaming; Humans; Long-Term Care; Long-term care facilities; Meta-analysis; Older adults; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Systematic review; Virtual Reality; Long-term care facilities; Systematic review; PRISMA; SMD; Older adults; LTCFs; Exergame; Meta-analysis
• ISSN: 1877-0657; 1877-0665; 1877-0665
• DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2022.101702

To improve the motivation toward exercise in older adults, exergames have shifted from entertainment to rehabilitation. To review the training focus of exergames and analyze the effectiveness of exergame training on physical, psychological, or cognitive outcomes among older adults in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). This review followed the PRISMA guidelines. By searching 7 electronic databases up to April 30, 2022, studies were included if they 1) involved adults ≥65 years old residing in LTCFs, 2) were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with virtual reality-based exergames as the intervention, 3) compared the effects of exergames to usual care or conventional exercises, and 4) reported physical, psychological, or cognitive outcomes. The Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool for randomized trials version 2 (RoB 2) and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) were used to evaluate the methodological quality of studies and levels of evidence for outcomes. The meta-analysis was conducted with Review Manager 5.4. Results are presented as standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 12 RCTs were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. For overall methodological quality, 10 studies showed some concerns and 2 studies showed high risk. Levels of evidence for outcomes were assessed as low (n = 8) and very low (n = 4). The studies involved a total of 482 older adults. Most studies implemented balance exercise as the exergame intervention. Older adults who completed exergame interventions showed improvements in cognitive outcomes (SMD 0.90, 95%CI 0.61–1.19, p<0.001) and in balance self-efficacy (SMD 1.04, 95%CI 0.47–1.61, p<0.001) as compared with those in usual care. They also showed improvements in balance (SMD 0.49, 95%CI 0.20–0.78, p<0.001) as compared with those in conventional exercise programs. Overall, exergames had a positive effect on balance (SMD 0.62, 95%CI 0.29–0.95, p<0.001). This review revealed that exergames can improve the balance ability of older adults in LTCFs.