Body fat distribution and risk of type 2 diabetes in the general population: are there differences between men and women? The MONICA/KORA Augsburg Cohort Study

• Published in: The American journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 84; no. 3; pp. 483 - 489
• Main Authors: Meisinger, Christa, Döring, Angela, Thorand, Barbara, Heier, Margit, Löwel, Hannelore
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Bethesda, MD American Society for Nutrition 01.09.2006; American Society for Clinical Nutrition; American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc
• Subjects: Abdomen; Abdominal Fat - metabolism; adipose tissue; Adult; Aged; Biological and medical sciences; body composition; Body Composition - physiology; Body fat; Body Fat Distribution; Body Mass Index; Cohort Studies; correlation; Diabetes; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - epidemiology; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology; disease incidence; epidemiological studies; epidemiology; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; gender; Gender differences; Germany - epidemiology; Health Surveys; human diseases; Humans; Incidence; Male; men; metabolic diseases; Middle Aged; MONICA/KORA Augsburg Cohort Study; multivariate analysis; noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; obesity; Obesity - complications; prediction; Predictive Value of Tests; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; risk assessment; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; validity; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; waist circumference; Waist-Hip Ratio; waist-to-hip ratio; women; Germany; Endocrinopathy; Type 2 diabetes; Human; Obesity; risk factors; Nutrition disorder; Metabolic diseases; Body mass index; abdominal obesity; Cohort study; Distribution; Risk factor; Fat; Female; Nutritional status
• ISSN: 0002-9165; 1938-3207
• DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/84.3.483

BACKGROUND: It remains controversial whether body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), or waist-hip ratio (WHR) is a better risk predictor of type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the sex-specific relevance of WC, WHR, and BMI to the development of type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: The prospective population-based cohort study was based on 3055 men and 2957 women aged 35-74 y who participated in the second (1989-1990) or third (1994-1995) MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants on Cardiovascular Diseases) Augsburg survey. The subjects were free of diabetes at baseline. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated from Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 9.2 y, 243 cases of incident type 2 diabetes occurred in men and 158 occurred in women. Multivariable-adjusted HRs across quartiles of BMI were 1.0, 1.37, 2.08, and 4.15 in men and 1.0, 3.77, 4.95, and 10.58 in women; those of WC were 1.0, 1.15, 1.57, and 3.40 in men and 1.0, 3.21, 3.98, and 10.70 in women; those of WHR were 1.0, 1.14, 1.80, and 2.84 in men and 1.0, 0.82, 2.06, and 3.51 in women. In joint analyses, the highest risk was observed in men and women with a high BMI in combination with a high WC and a high WHR. CONCLUSIONS: Both overall and abdominal adiposity were strongly related to the development of type 2 diabetes. Because there was an additive effect of overall and abdominal obesity on risk prediction, WC should be measured in addition to BMI to assess the risk of type 2 diabetes in both sexes.