Strict vegetarian diet improves the risk factors associated with metabolic diseases by modulating gut microbiota and reducing intestinal inflammation
Summary Low‐grade inflammation of the intestine results in metabolic dysfunction, in which dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is intimately involved. Dietary fibre induces prebiotic effects that may restore imbalances in the gut microbiota; however, no clinical trials have been reported in patients wit...
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| Published in | Environmental microbiology reports Vol. 5; no. 5; pp. 765 - 775 |
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| Main Authors | , , , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English |
| Published |
United States
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.10.2013
John Wiley & Sons, Inc |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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| Summary: | Summary
Low‐grade inflammation of the intestine results in metabolic dysfunction, in which dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is intimately involved. Dietary fibre induces prebiotic effects that may restore imbalances in the gut microbiota; however, no clinical trials have been reported in patients with metabolic diseases. Here, six obese subjects with type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension were assigned to a strict vegetarian diet (SVD) for 1 month, and blood biomarkers of glucose and lipid metabolisms, faecal microbiota using 454‐pyrosequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA genes, faecal lipocalin‐2 and short‐chain fatty acids were monitored. An SVD reduced body weight and the concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and haemoglobin A1c, and improved fasting glucose and postprandial glucose levels. An SVD reduced the Firmicutes‐to‐Bacteroidetes ratio in the gut microbiota, but did not alter enterotypes. An SVD led to a decrease in the pathobionts such as the Enterobacteriaceae and an increase in commensal microbes such as Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium species belonging to clusters XIVa and IV, resulting in reduced intestinal lipocalin‐2 and short‐chain fatty acids levels. This study underscores the benefits of dietary fibre for improving the risk factors of metabolic diseases and shows that increased fibre intake reduces gut inflammation by changing the gut microbiota. |
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| Bibliography: | istex:A51E0718C4F954ADD521D922E7BA66B401BCC7AB ArticleID:EMI412079 Fig. S1. Changes in blood pressure in subjects consuming an SVD. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured twice a day during the study (A-F) (HA, a; HB, b; HC, c; HD, d; HE, e; and HF, f). Circles indicate systolic blood pressure and squares indicate diastolic blood pressure. Fig. S2. The dietary intervention induces changes of the gut microbiota over time. To determine whether an SVD causes the changes in the gut microbiota, the communities were compared the community of day 28 as the baseline with those of all other days. The data are based on unweighted UniFrac distance (A) and weighted UniFrac distance (B). The P-values were calculated using Pearson's correlation. The P-values in parenthesis were derived from a linear regression. Fig. S3. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of the gut microbiota and gut enterotypes. Individual changes in the gut microbial communities (A) were defined according to unweighted UniFrac analysis. The enterotypes (B) were determined by cluster analysis using the partitioning around medoids method based on Jensen-Shannon divergence and visualized by between-class analysis. The genera that make the main contribution to a particular enterotype are indicated around each cluster. Fig. S4. Quantification of the abundances of the Enterobacteriaceae family and the Gammaproteobacteria phylum. Using quantitative PCR analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the decrease in the abundances of the Enterobacteriaceae family (A) and the Gammaproteobacteria phylum (B) were observed in subject HA, HC, HE and HF (Pearson's correlation; *P < 0.05). Fig. S5. Phylogeny of 16S rRNA gene sequences derived from unclassified Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. The phylogenetic status of the OTUs (blue) assigned to unclassified Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae were determined by constructing a phylogenetic tree using the neighbor-joining method based on the V2 region sequences of the 16S rRNA genes. The sequences derived from colonic interfold microbes and from Lachnospiraceae isolates (red) (Nava et al., 2011; Reeves et al., 2012) were included in the phylogeny. Table S1. Characteristics of the volunteers in this study. Table S2. Menus of an SVD in the diet therapy. Table S3. Nutrient components of an SVD [mean ± standard deviation (SD)]. Table S4. Alpha-diversity of the gut microbial communities of the subjects. Table S5. The changes in the relative and absolute abundances of taxonomic groups mainly affected by an SVD. Seoul Scholarship Foundation ark:/67375/WNG-TLK6BSW7-F NRF-2012-Forstering Core Leaders of the Future Basic Science Program Mid-Career Researcher Program - No. 2012-0008806 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 |
| ISSN: | 1758-2229 1758-2229 |
| DOI: | 10.1111/1758-2229.12079 |