Sex‐Specific Associations of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase With Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components: Over 15 Years of Follow‐Up Among Iranian Adults

• Published in: Journal of clinical laboratory analysis Vol. 39; no. 15; pp. e70075 - n/a
• Main Authors: Hadaegh, Parto, Abdi, Amir, Hasheminia, Mitra, Hadaegh, Farzad, Azizi, Fereidoun, Tohidi, Maryam
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.08.2025; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Adult; Alkaline phosphatase; Alkaline Phosphatase - blood; Anthropometry; Biomarkers; Blood pressure; Body mass index; Cholesterol; components; Diabetes; Dyslipidemia; Epidemiology; Exercise; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glucose; High density lipoprotein; Humans; Incidence; Iran - epidemiology; Lipids; Male; Marital status; Metabolic syndrome; Metabolic Syndrome - blood; Metabolic Syndrome - enzymology; Metabolic Syndrome - epidemiology; Middle Aged; Phosphatase; Population; Proportional Hazards Models; Questionnaires; Regression analysis; Risk Factors; sex differences; Sex Factors; Smoking; Triglycerides; Variance analysis; Womens health; Iran; United States > US; metabolic syndrome; components; alkaline phosphatase; sex differences
• ISSN: 0887-8013; 1098-2825; 1098-2825
• DOI: 10.1002/jcla.70075

ABSTRACT Background To investigate the association of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) with incident metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, as well as the influence of sex on this relationship among Iranian adults. Methods The multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were applied to assess the associations between ALP both as continuous and categorical variables with incident MetS and its components. Results Among 831 subjects (467 women) with a mean age of 44.51 years, during a median follow‐up of 15.6 years, 597 MetS cases (336 women) occurred. Interaction was found between ALP quartiles and sex (p‐value = 0.006). Among women, increasing levels of ALP across the second to fourth quartiles were associated with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.269, 1.491, and 2.092 for MetS, respectively (p for trend < 0.001). Among men, no association was found between ALP and incident MetS. Among women, the second and fourth quartiles of ALP were associated with incident high triglycerides (TG), with HRs of 1.793 and 1.815, respectively. Moreover, a 1‐SD increase in ALP conferred a 17.9% higher risk of low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C). Among men, a 1‐SD increase in ALP was associated with an HR of 1.222 for incident high waist circumference (WC) (All p‐values < 0.05). Conclusion Sex significantly influenced the impact of serum ALP on the incidence of MetS and its components. In women, ALP was a strong harbinger for incident MetS and its dyslipidemia components. However, among men, the increasing value of ALP was associated with incident central obesity but not MetS. In this prospective study among Iranian adults over a 15‐year follow‐up, we found that serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were significantly associated with the risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in a sex‐specific manner. Higher ALP was associated with a heightened risk of MetS and dyslipidemia in women, whereas in men, it was associated mainly with increased central obesity but not MetS. These findings highlight ALP as a simple biomarker with different predictive values across sexes for cardiometabolic risk.