Heterogeneous Crustal Structure of the Hikurangi Plateau Revealed by SHIRE Seismic Data: Origin and Implications for Plate Boundary Tectonics

• Published in: Geophysical research letters Vol. 50; no. 22
• Main Authors: Bassett, Dan, Fujie, Gou, Kodaira, Shuichi, Arai, Ryuta, Yamamoto, Yojiro, Henrys, Stuart, Barker, Dan, Gase, Andrew, Avendonk, Harm, Bangs, Nathan, Seebeck, Hannu, Tozer, Brook, Jacobs, Katie, Luckie, Thomas, Okaya, David, Mochizuki, Kimi
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington John Wiley & Sons, Inc 28.11.2023; Wiley
• Subjects: Crustal structure; Crustal thickness; Deformation; Distribution; Gravity data; Hikurangi margin; Hikurangi Plateau; marine geophysics; Oceanic crust; Plate boundaries; Plateaus; Plates (tectonics); Reduction; Seamounts; Sediment; Seismic activity; Seismic data; Seismic surveys; Seismological data; Spatial variability; Spatial variations; Subduction; Subduction (geology); Subduction zones; Tectonics; Thickness; Uplift
• ISSN: 0094-8276; 1944-8007
• DOI: 10.1029/2023GL105674

Marine multichannel and wide‐angle seismic data constrain the distribution of seamounts, sediment cover sequence and crustal structure along a 460 km margin‐parallel transect of the Hikurangi Plateau. Seismic reflection data reveals five seamount up‐to 4.5 km high and 35–75 km wide, with heterogeneous internal velocity structure. Sediment cover decreases south‐to‐north from ∼4.5 km to ∼1–2 km. The Hikurangi Plateau crust (VP 5.5–7.5 km/s) is 11 ± 1 km thick in the south, but thins by 3–4 km further north (∼7–8 km). Gravity models constructed along two seismic lines show the reduction in crustal thickness persists further east, coinciding with a bathymetric scarp. Gravity data suggest the transition in crustal thickness may reflect spatial variability in deformation and lithospheric extension associated with plateau breakup. Variability in the thickness of subducting crust may contribute to differences in megathrust geometry, upper‐plate stress state and high‐rates of contraction and uplift along the southern Hikurangi margin. Plain Language Summary The thickness of crust arriving at subduction zones exerts a major influence on the configuration, structure, and distribution of stresses at plate boundaries. A region of thickened oceanic crust, the Hikurangi Plateau, is subducting beneath the North Island of New Zealand. To understand the structure of this Plateau, we analyze seismic data along a 460 km long transect, which reveals five large seamounts, and a 3–4 km reduction crustal thickness between the southern and northern areas of the Plateau. Gravity data show this difference is persistent across the plateau and reveal structures suggesting the crust may have thinned when the Hikurangi plateau separated from a second plateau (Manihiki), which is thought to have formed at the same time. We propose that the subduction of thicker crustal along the southern Hikurangi margin may contribute to the shallow angle of the subducting plate, and high rates of uplift and deformation in the overthrusting plate. Key Points Crustal thickness of the Hikurangi Plateau reduces by ∼30% between the southern (10–11 km) and northern (7–8 km) Plateau Coincident contrasts in plateau fabric may attribute the thickness contrast to rifting from the Manihiki Plateau Thickness contrasts may impact the geometry of the subducting plate and rates of upper‐plate compression and uplift along the Hikurangi margin