Robust decisions for regulated sustainable manufacturing with partial demand information: Mandatory emission capacity versus emission tax

• Published in: European journal of operational research Vol. 298; no. 3; pp. 874 - 893
• Main Authors: Bai, Qingguo, Xu, Jianteng, Gong, Yeming, Chauhan, Satyaveer S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01.05.2022
• Subjects: Carbon emission; Distribution-free newsvendor problem; Partial information; Robust optimization; Supply chain management; Sustainable operations; Taguchi method; Carbon emission; Partial information; Supply chain management; Robust optimization; Distribution-free newsvendor problem; Sustainable operations; Taguchi method
• ISSN: 0377-2217; 1872-6860
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ejor.2021.06.011

•We model a sustainable manufacturing model with partial demand information.•Emission tax and mandatory emissions capacity regulations are compared.•A compromise decision criterion is used to obtain less conservative solutions.•Robust check by Taguchi method confirms results. While emission tax and mandatory emission capacity regulations are widely implemented to control greenhouse gas emissions, it remains unclear which will lead to better performance in an uncertain environment. Furthermore, a regulated sustainable manufacturer with only partial demand information may be challenged by more uncertainties than a manufacturer would be in a free market without regulation. These factors motivate us to examine the effects of two types of emission reduction regulations on the optimal production decisions of a manufacturer facing stochastic demand with partial distribution information. Based on distributionally robust newsvendor models, we use the Hurwicz decision criterion to build robust optimization models for a regulated sustainable manufacturer. We first solve the closed-form expressions of the optimal production quantities for two optimization models; then, we compare their expected profits and carbon emissions. The comparisons show that an emission tax may be more favorable than mandatory emission capacity regulation in terms of the manufacturer’s environmental performance. A numerical study with a Taguchi experiment is performed to compare the two policies and to test the robustness. We find interesting insights: For manufacturers, a decision maker with an optimistic attitude to demand uncertainty, can gain higher profits and emit less carbon, which differs from the results of some previous research. For regulators, with a large carbon cap, mandatory emission capacity regulation can lead manufacturers to gain higher profits and emit more carbon than those achieved under emission tax regulation, which provides new insights for policy makers.