Patterns of War in the Andes from the Archaic to the Late Horizon: Insights from Settlement Patterns and Cranial Trauma

Over the pre-Columbian sequence, Andean warfare ranged greatly in intensity. This review combines published information on cranial trauma and settlement patterns, which often align and clarify each other, to make an initial assessment of how severely Andean populations were affected by war over time...

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Bibliographic Details
Published inJournal of archaeological research Vol. 21; no. 4; pp. 307 - 369
Main Authors Arkush, Elizabeth, Tung, Tiffiny A.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Boston Springer Science + Business Media 01.12.2013
Springer US
Subjects
Ancient warfare
Andes
Anthropology
Archaeology
Forts
Highlands
Human settlements
Iconography
Militarism
Paleoanthropology
Physical trauma
Population
Settlement patterns
Social Sciences
Trauma
Violence
War
Warfare
Andes
Skeletal trauma
Warfare
Settlement patterns
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Summary:Over the pre-Columbian sequence, Andean warfare ranged greatly in intensity. This review combines published information on cranial trauma and settlement patterns, which often align and clarify each other, to make an initial assessment of how severely Andean populations were affected by war over time and space. The data speak to a number of major topics in the archaeology of warfare, such as the origin of war, contrasts in state militarism, and changes in the practice of war related to social organization. Although there is considerable regional variation, two large-scale "waves" of escalated conflict that are clearly supported by the cranial trauma and settlement pattern data occurred in the Final Formative (late Early Horizon, 400 BC-AD 100) and the Late Intermediate period (AD 1000-1400).
Bibliography:ObjectType-Article-2
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-1
content type line 23
ISSN:1059-0161
1573-7756
DOI:10.1007/s10814-013-9065-1