Detecting fatigue in car drivers and aircraft pilots by using non-invasive measures: The value of differentiation of sleepiness and mental fatigue

• Published in: Journal of safety research Vol. 72; pp. 173 - 187
• Main Authors: Hu, Xinyun, Lodewijks, Gabriel
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Ltd 01.02.2020; Elsevier Science Ltd
• Subjects: Aging aircraft; Aircraft; Aircraft performance; Aircraft pilots; Automobile drivers; Driver fatigue; Drivers; EEG; EKG; Electrocardiography; Electroencephalography; Electrooculography; Eye metrics; Fatigue; Fatigue detection; Indicators; Monitoring; Pilot fatigue; Pilots; Saccadic eye movements; Sleep and wakefulness; Telemedicine; Transportation industry; Transportation safety; Pilot fatigue; Driver fatigue; Fatigue detection; Eye metrics; EEG
• ISSN: 0022-4375; 1879-1247
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2019.12.015

•Fatigue in car drivers and aircraft pilots is a threat to safety.•Multifaceted nature causes the discrepancy of psychophysiological fatigue indicators.•Differentiating sleepiness and mental fatigue could improve fatigue detection system.•A combination of multiple non-invasive measures to form a benchmark is recommended.•Eye tracker with eye metrics offers a promising way to detect driver/pilot fatigue. Introduction: Fatigue is one of the most crucial factors that contribute to a decrease of the operating performance of aircraft pilots and car drivers and, as such, plays a dangerous role in transport safety. To reduce fatigue-related tragedies and to increase the quality of a healthy life, many studies have focused on exploring effective methods and psychophysiological indicators for detecting and monitoring fatigue. However, those fatigue indicators rose many discrepancies among simulator and field studies, due to the vague conceptualism of fatigue, per se, which hinders the development of fatigue monitoring devices. Method: This paper aims to give psychological insight of the existing non-invasive measures for driver and pilot fatigue by differentiating sleepiness and mental fatigue. Such a study helps to improve research results for a wide range of researchers whose interests lie in the development of in-vehicle fatigue detection devices. First, the nature of fatigue for drivers/pilots is elucidated regarding fatigue types and fatigue responses, which reshapes our understanding of the fatigue issue in the transport industry. Secondly, the widely used objective neurophysiological methods, including electroencephalography (EEG), electrooculography (EOG), and electrocardiography (ECG), physical movement-based methods, vehicle-based methods, fitness-for-duty test as well as subjective methods (self-rating scales) are introduced. On the one hand, considering the difference between mental fatigue and sleepiness effects, the links between the objective and subjective indicators and fatigue are thoroughly investigated and reviewed. On the other hand, to better determine fatigue occurrence, a new combination of measures is recommended, as a single measure is not sufficient to yield a convincing benchmark of fatigue. Finally, since video-based techniques of measuring eye metrics offer a promising and practical method for monitoring operator fatigue, the relationship between fatigue and these eye metrics, that include blink-based, pupil-based, and saccade-based features, are also discussed. To realize a pragmatic fatigue detector for operators in the future, this paper concludes with a discussion on the future directions in terms of methodology of conducting operator fatigue research and fatigue analysis by using eye-related parameters.