The authority of next-of-kin in explicit and presumed consent systems for deceased organ donation: an analysis of 54 nations

• Published in: Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation Vol. 27; no. 6; pp. 2533 - 2546
• Main Authors: ROSENBLUM, Amanda M, HORVAT, Lucy D, SIMINOFF, Laura A, PRAKASH, Versha, BEITEL, Janice, GARG, Amit X
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Oxford University Press 01.06.2012
• Subjects: Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy; Biological and medical sciences; Clinical death. Palliative care. Organ gift and preservation; Conflict (Psychology); Decision Making; Emergency and intensive care: renal failure. Dialysis management; Family - psychology; Humans; Informed Consent - psychology; Intensive care medicine; International Agencies; Medical sciences; Original; Presumed Consent - legislation & jurisprudence; Tissue and Organ Procurement - legislation & jurisprudence; Tissue and Organ Procurement - standards; Tissue and Organ Procurement - statistics & numerical data; Kidney disease; Suboptimal donor; Extrarenal dialysis; Organ donation; Urinary system disease; Health policy; deceased donor; law; next-of-kin; Hemodialysis; Renal failure; consent
• ISSN: 0931-0509; 1460-2385
• DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr619

The degree of involvement by the next-of-kin in deceased organ procurement worldwide is unclear. We investigated the next-of-kin's authority in the procurement process in nations with either explicit or presumed consent. We collected data from 54 nations, 25 with presumed consent and 29 with explicit consent. We characterized the authority of the next-of-kin in the decision to donate deceased organs. Specifically, we examined whether the next-of-kin's consent to procure organs was always required and whether the next-of-kin were able to veto procurement when the deceased had expressed a wish to donate. The next-of-kin are involved in the organ procurement process in most nations regardless of the consent principle and whether the wishes of the deceased to be a donor were expressed or unknown. Nineteen of the 25 nations with presumed consent provide a method for individuals to express a wish to be a donor. However, health professionals in only four of these nations responded that they do not override a deceased's expressed wish because of a family's objection. Similarly, health professionals in only four of the 29 nations with explicit consent proceed with a deceased's pre-existing wish to be a donor and do not require next-of-kin's consent, but caveats still remain for when this is done. The next-of-kin have a considerable influence on the organ procurement process in both presumed and explicit consent nations.