Using Saildrones to Assess the SMAP Sea Surface Salinity Retrieval in the Coastal Regions

• Published in: IEEE journal of selected topics in applied earth observations and remote sensing Vol. 15; pp. 7042 - 7051
• Main Authors: Tang, Wenqing, Yueh, Simon H., Fore, Alexander G., Vazquez-Cuervo, Jorge, Gentemann, Chelle, Hayashi, Akiko K., Akins, Alex, Garcia-Reyes, Marisol
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Piscataway IEEE 2022; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Climatology; Coastal; Coastal processes; Coastal zone; Coastal zones; Contamination; Environmental monitoring; Fresh water; Freshwater; Fronts; Inland water environment; Land pollution; Moisture effects; Ocean circulation; Ocean temperature; Outliers (statistics); Propulsion; Propulsion systems; Quality control; Remote sensing; Remote sensing systems; Retrieval; retrieval algorithm; River discharge; River flow; Rivers; saildrone; Salinity; Salinity (geophysical); Salinity effects; Satellite broadcasting; Satellites; Sea measurements; Sea surface; sea surface salinity (SSS); Soil contamination; Soil moisture; soil moisture active passive (SMAP); Surface salinity; Surveying; Upwelling; validation; Variance analysis
• ISSN: 1939-1404; 2151-1535
• DOI: 10.1109/JSTARS.2022.3200305

Remote sensing of sea surface salinity (SSS) near land is difficult due to land contamination. In this article, we assess SSS retrieved from the soil moisture active passive (SMAP) mission in coastal region. SMAP SSS products from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and from the remote sensing systems (RSS) are collocated with in situ data collected by saildrones during the North American West Coast Survey. Satellite and saildrone salinity measurements reveal consistent large-scale features: the fresh water (low SSS) assocciated with the Columbia River discharge, and the relatively salty water (high SSS) near Baja California associated with regional upwelling. The standard deviation of the difference for collocations with SMAP Level 3 (eight days average) between 40 and 100 km from land is 0.51 (0.56) psu for JPL V5 (RSS V4 70 km). This is encouraging for the potential application of SMAP SSS in monitoring coastal zone freshwater particularly where there exists large freshwater variance. We analyze the different land correction approaches independently developed at JPL and RSS using SMAP level 2 matchups. We found that JPL's land correction method is more promising in pushing SMAP SSS retrieval towards land. For future improvement, we suggest implementing dynamic land correction versus the current climatology-based static land correction to reduce uncertainty in estimating land contribution. In level 2 to level 3 processing, a more rigorous quality control may help to eliminate outliers and deliver reliable level 3 products without over-smoothing, which is important in resolving coastal processes such as fronts or upwelling.