Duration of exposure to multiple antibiotics is associated with increased risk of VRE bacteraemia: a nested case-control study

• Published in: Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy Vol. 73; no. 6; pp. 1692 - 1699
• Main Authors: Gouliouris, Theodore, Warne, Ben, Cartwright, Edward J P, Bedford, Luke, Weerasuriya, Chathika K, Raven, Kathy E, Brown, Nick M, Török, M Estée, Limmathurotsakul, Direk, Peacock, Sharon J
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Oxford University Press 01.06.2018
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents - adverse effects; Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use; Antimicrobial Stewardship; Bacteremia - epidemiology; Case-Control Studies; Cross Infection - epidemiology; Cross Infection - microbiology; Enterococcus - drug effects; Female; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections - drug therapy; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections - epidemiology; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Logistic Models; Male; Middle Aged; Original Research; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Time Factors; United Kingdom - epidemiology; Vancomycin - adverse effects; Vancomycin - therapeutic use; Vancomycin Resistance; United Kingdom
• ISSN: 0305-7453; 1460-2091
• DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky075

Abstract Background VRE bacteraemia has a high mortality and continues to defy control. Antibiotic risk factors for VRE bacteraemia have not been adequately defined. We aimed to determine the risk factors for VRE bacteraemia focusing on duration of antibiotic exposure. Methods A retrospective matched nested case-control study was conducted amongst hospitalized patients at Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (CUH) from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2012. Cases who developed a first episode of VRE bacteraemia were matched 1:1 to controls by length of stay, year, specialty and ward type. Independent risk factors for VRE bacteraemia were evaluated using conditional logistic regression. Results Two hundred and thirty-five cases were compared with 220 controls. Duration of exposure to parenteral vancomycin, fluoroquinolones and meropenem was independently associated with VRE bacteraemia. Compared with patients with no exposure to vancomycin, those who received courses of 1–3 days, 4–7 days or >7 days had a stepwise increase in risk of VRE bacteraemia [conditional OR (cOR) 1.2 (95% CI 0.4–3.8), 3.8 (95% CI 1.2–11.7) and 6.6 (95% CI 1.9–22.8), respectively]. Other risk factors were: presence of a central venous catheter (CVC) [cOR 8.7 (95% CI 2.6–29.5)]; neutropenia [cOR 15.5 (95% CI 4.2–57.0)]; hypoalbuminaemia [cOR 8.5 (95% CI 2.4–29.5)]; malignancy [cOR 4.4 (95% CI 1.6–12.0)]; gastrointestinal disease [cOR 12.4 (95% CI 4.2–36.8)]; and hepatobiliary disease [cOR 7.9 (95% CI 2.1–29.9)]. Conclusions Longer exposure to vancomycin, fluoroquinolones or meropenem was associated with VRE bacteraemia. Antimicrobial stewardship interventions targeting high-risk antibiotics are required to complement infection control procedures against VRE bacteraemia.