Sound-to-Imagination: An Exploratory Study on Cross-Modal Translation Using Diverse Audiovisual Data

• Published in: Applied sciences Vol. 13; no. 19; p. 10833
• Main Authors: Fanzeres, Leonardo A., Nadeu, Climent
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.10.2023
• Subjects: Acoustics; Analysis; Communications equipment; computational imagination; cross-modal learning; Datasets; deep audiovisual learning; generative adversarial networks (GANs); information bottleneck; Receivers & amplifiers; Semantics; Sound; sound-to-image translation; Supervision; New York; United Kingdom
• ISSN: 2076-3417; 2076-3417
• DOI: 10.3390/app131910833

The motivation of our research is to explore the possibilities of automatic sound-to-image (S2I) translation for enabling a human receiver to visually infer occurrences of sound-related events. We expect the computer to ‘imagine’ scenes from captured sounds, generating original images that depict the sound-emitting sources. Previous studies on similar topics opted for simplified approaches using data with low content diversity and/or supervision/self-supervision for training. In contrast, our approach involves performing S2I translation using thousands of distinct and unknown scenes, using sound class annotations solely for data preparation, just enough to ensure aural–visual semantic coherence. To model the translator, we employ an audio encoder and a conditional generative adversarial network (GAN) with a deep densely connected generator. Furthermore, we present a solution using informativity classifiers for quantitatively evaluating the generated images. This allows us to analyze the influence of network-bottleneck variation on the translation process, highlighting a potential trade-off between informativity and pixel space convergence. Despite the complexity of the specified S2I translation task, we were able to generalize the model enough to obtain more than 14%, on average, of interpretable and semantically coherent images translated from unknown sounds.