Research Methodology in Acupuncture for Managing Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome: A Scoping Review

• Published in: Neurourology and urodynamics Vol. 44; no. 5; pp. 1054 - 1063
• Main Authors: Infantes Rosales, Miguel Ángel, Mesías Pesqueira, Ángeles, Castellanos Díaz, Astrid, Díaz Mohedo, Esther
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.06.2025; John Wiley and Sons Inc
• Subjects: Acupuncture; acupuncture therapy; Acupuncture Therapy - adverse effects; Acupuncture Therapy - methods; acupuncture treatment; Bladder; bladder pain syndrome; Case reports; Clinical trials; Cystitis; Cystitis, Interstitial - therapy; Experimental research; Humans; IC/BPS; Ic/Pbs, Pelvic Pain and Infections; interstitial cystitis; Pain; painful bladder syndrome; Research Design; Research methodology; Review; Traditional Chinese medicine; Treatment Outcome; acupuncture therapy; acupuncture; painful bladder syndrome; IC/BPS; bladder pain syndrome; acupuncture treatment; interstitial cystitis
• ISSN: 0733-2467; 1520-6777; 1520-6777
• DOI: 10.1002/nau.70061

ABSTRACT Background Acupuncture and moxibustion are being explored as complementary therapies with promising potential in managing interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS). While some studies indicate possible benefits, their scientific basis and clinical efficacy remain subjects of debate, partly due to methodological flaws in study designs involving acupuncture and related modalities, which warrant further attention and discussion. The main objective is to analyze and evaluate the research methodologies used in existing literature on acupuncture for managing IC/BPS, providing insight into the methodological challenges and opportunities in this field. Materials and Methods National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), Cochrane Library, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Web of Sciences (WOS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Cumulated Index in Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Epistemonikos, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) were searched from their inception to August 2024. Data were extracted based on the study designs, primary outcome measures, adverse events (AEs), and participants' subjective views. Results All the experimental studies (27.3%, 6 of 22) were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), but only 2 full texts were accessible. Of the 4 RCTs, 3 involved rats. Observational research (50%) included case reports (27.3%), cohort studies (9.1%), and theoretical studies (4.5%). Additionally, reviews (22.7%) were included. The main languages were English (77.3%), Chinese (13.6%), Japanese (4.5%), and Russian (4.5%). The most frequently reported outcome was pain, followed by quality‐of‐life impact (symptom burden), urinary frequency and urgency, nocturia, and bladder capacity. AEs were reported in only 5 articles, all of which concluded that these effects were not significant and that acupuncture could be considered a safe and relatively noninvasive technique. One review found a risk of 1 AE/76 000 patients, with the most common side effects being minor, such as bleeding or bruising. Conclusion Current evidence on acupuncture for interstitial cystitis is limited in quality, with studies often compromised by biases, small sample sizes, and lack of standardized protocols. Acupuncture is frequently part of multimodal treatments, aligning with Traditional Chinese Medicine's holistic approach to balance physical, mental, and emotional health. More high‐quality experimental research is needed, focusing on standardized protocols and participant experiences to better evaluate its efficacy and safety.