Spatial distribution of illicit drugs in surface waters of the natural park of Pego-Oliva Marsh (Valencia, Spain)

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international Vol. 19; no. 4; pp. 971 - 982
• Main Authors: Vazquez-Roig, Pablo, Andreu, Vicente, Blasco, Cristina, Morillas, Francisco, Picó, Yolanda
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer-Verlag 01.05.2012; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Amphetamines; Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Chromatography; Chromatography, Liquid; Cocaine; Contaminants; Contamination; Detection limits; Drug development; Drugs; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Ecstasy; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Environmental Monitoring; Ketamine; Liquid chromatography; Marshes; Mass spectrometry; Mass spectroscopy; Methadone; Migratory birds; Morphine; Parks & recreation areas; Pharmaceuticals; Pollution; Pollution control; Polyethylene; Research Article; Solid Phase Extraction; Spain; Spatial distribution; Street Drugs - analysis; Studies; Surface water; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Tetrahydrocannabinol; THC; Waste Water Technology; Water Management; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water pollution; Water Pollution Control; Wetlands; Spain; Spain, Valencia; Trace analysis; Illicit drugs; Pego-Oliva Marsh; Environmental analysis; Surface water
• ISSN: 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0617-y

Background, aim and scope The Pego-Oliva Marsh is the second most important wetland in the Valencian Community (Spain). It is included in the RAMSAR agreement and represents one key point for migratory birds. Emerging contaminants from the human pressure, such as pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and personal care product, are not included in the list of priority contaminants of the Water Framework Directive yet, and are neither monitored nor controlled. However, pollution of emerging contaminants can threaten the environment and even human health. In order to understand the status of the emerging contamination and recommend future rationalization of countermeasures, the occurrence of illicit drugs was investigated. Material and methods Samples were collected at 23 sites from the main irrigation channels and the marsh. Illicit drugs were extracted using solid phase extraction and determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The method detection limits ranged from 0.01 to 1.54 ng l −1 and the recoveries from 57% to 120%. Results and discussion 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ketamine, morphine, benzoylecgonine, cocaine, methadone, 6-acetylmorphine and nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol were detected. The mean concentrations were 0.62, 21.33, 1.30, 1.92, 2.25, 0.32, 0.04 and 0.07 ng l −1 , respectively. The highest concentrations were in the north of Pego-Oliva Marsh. Conclusions The pollution status by illicit drugs of the Pego-Oliva Marsh has been established. However, contamination levels in all the area of the natural park were low compared with those reported in other superficial waters.