Weaving Versus Blending: a quantitative assessment of the information carrying capacities of two alternative methods for conveying multivariate data with color

• Published in: IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics Vol. 13; no. 6; pp. 1270 - 1277
• Main Authors: Hagh-Shenas, Haleh, Kim, Sunghee, Interrante, Victoria, Healey, Christopher
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States IEEE 01.11.2007; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Astronomy; Blending; Color; color blending; color weaving; Computer Graphics; Computer Simulation; Data visualization; Database Management Systems; Databases, Factual; Displays; Encoding; Experiments; Frequency; Geology; High frequencies; Information Storage and Retrieval - methods; Mathematical analysis; Mathematical models; Meteorology; Models, Theoretical; Multivariate Analysis; perception; Studies; Surface layer; Texture; User-Computer Interface; visualization; Weaving
• ISSN: 1077-2626; 1941-0506
• DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2007.70623

In many applications, it is important to understand the individual values of, and relationships between, multiple related scalar variables defined across a common domain. Several approaches have been proposed for representing data in these situations. In this paper we focus on strategies for the visualization of multivariate data that rely on color mixing. In particular, through a series of controlled observer experiments, we seek to establish a fundamental understanding of the information-carrying capacities of two alternative methods for encoding multivariate information using color: color blending and color weaving. We begin with a baseline experiment in which we assess participants' abilities to accurately read numerical data encoded in six different basic color scales defined in the L*a*b* color space. We then assess participants' abilities to read combinations of 2, 3, 4 and 6 different data values represented in a common region of the domain, encoded using either color blending or color weaving. In color blending a single mixed color is formed via linear combination of the individual values in L*a*b* space, and in color weaving the original individual colors are displayed side-by-side in a high frequency texture that fills the region. A third experiment was conducted to clarify some of the trends regarding the color contrast and its effect on the magnitude of the error that was observed in the second experiment. The results indicate that when the component colors are represented side-by-side in a high frequency texture, most participants' abilities to infer the values of individual components are significantly improved, relative to when the colors are blended. Participants' performance was significantly better with color weaving particularly when more than 2 colors were used, and even when the individual colors subtended only 3 minutes of visual angle in the texture. However, the information-carrying capacity of the color weaving approach has its limits. We f