Sources, toxicity, and remediation of mercury: an essence review

• Published in: Environmental monitoring and assessment Vol. 191; no. 9; p. 566
• Main Authors: Raj, Deep, Maiti, Subodh Kumar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.09.2019; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Acids; Activated carbon; adsorbents; adsorption; aerial parts; anthropogenic activities; Anthropogenic factors; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Bioaccumulation; Biodegradation, Environmental; Bioremediation; Brassica juncea; Carbon nanotubes; catalytic activity; Chemical reduction; Chloride; Coal; Coal - analysis; Coal Ash - analysis; Coal combustion; combustion; Desulfurization; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecology; ecosystems; Ecotoxicology; Emissions; Environment; Environmental Management; Environmental Monitoring - methods; Environmental Pollutants - analysis; Environmental Pollutants - toxicity; Environmental Restoration and Remediation - methods; Flue gas; Flue gas desulfurization; Fly ash; food chain; Food chains; Heat treatment; Industrial plant emissions; Mercury; Mercury (metal); Mercury - analysis; Mercury - toxicity; Monitoring/Environmental Analysis; Mustard Plant - growth & development; Nanotechnology; Nanotubes; Nanotubes, Carbon - chemistry; Phytoremediation; Plant roots; Plant species; Plants; pollutants; polluted soils; Power Plants; risk; roots; Selective catalytic reduction; Soil; Soil - chemistry; Soil contamination; Soil pollution; soil washing; Stainless steel; Sulphur; Thermal energy; Thermal power; Thermal power plants; Toxicity; Water; World Health Organization; China; India; Coal combustion; Bioaccumulation; Mercury; Adsorbents; Phytoremediation
• ISSN: 0167-6369; 1573-2959; 1573-2959
• DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7743-2

Mercury (Hg) is a pollutant that poses a global threat, and it was listed as one of the ten leading ‘chemicals of concern’ by the World Health Organization in 2017. The review aims to summarize the sources of Hg, its combined effects on the ecosystem, and its remediation in the environment. The flow of Hg from coal to fly ash (FA), soil, and plants has become a serious concern. Hg chemically binds to sulphur-containing components in coal during coal formation. Coal combustion in thermal power plants is the major anthropogenic source of Hg in the environment. Hg is taken up by plant roots from contaminated soil and transferred to the stem and aerial parts. Through bioaccumulation in the plant system, Hg moves into the food chain, resulting in potential health and ecological risks. The world average Hg concentrations reported in coal and FA are 0.01–1 and 0.62 mg/kg, respectively. The mass of Hg accumulated globally in the soil is estimated to be 250–1000 Gg. Several techniques have been applied to remove or minimize elevated levels of Hg from FA, soil, and water (soil washing, selective catalytic reduction, wet flue gas desulphurization, stabilization, adsorption, thermal treatment, electro-remediation, and phytoremediation). Adsorbents such as activated carbon and carbon nanotubes have been used for Hg removal. The application of phytoremediation techniques has been proven as a promising approach in the removal of Hg from contaminated soil. Plant species such as Brassica juncea are potential candidates for Hg removal from soil.