Association of Hypertension, Body Mass Index, and Waist Circumference with Fluoride Intake; Water Drinking in Residents of Fluoride Endemic Areas, Iran

• Published in: Biological trace element research Vol. 185; no. 2; pp. 282 - 288
• Main Authors: Yousefi, Mahmood, Yaseri, Mehdi, Nabizadeh, Ramin, Hooshmand, Elham, Jalilzadeh, Mohsen, Mahvi, Amir Hossein, Mohammadi, Ali Akbar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01.10.2018; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adult; Age groups; Biochemistry; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biotechnology; Blood pressure; Blood Pressure - drug effects; Body Mass Index; Body size; cross-sectional studies; Drinking water; Drinking Water - chemistry; Epidemics; Female; Fluorides; Fluorides - administration & dosage; Fluorides - analysis; Fluorides - pharmacology; health care workers; Hip; hips; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension - blood; Iran; Iran - epidemiology; Life Sciences; Logistic Models; Male; Nutrition; Oncology; Public health; Regression analysis; Risk factors; Rural areas; Rural populations; Statistical analysis; urban population; Urban populations; villages; waist circumference; Waist Circumference - drug effects; waist-to-hip ratio; Iran; Hypertension; Drinking water; Poldasht; Iran; Fluoride endemic; BMI
• ISSN: 0163-4984; 1559-0720; 1559-0720
• DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1269-2

Hypertension is becoming a global epidemic for both rural and urban populations; it is a major public health challenge in Iran. Fluoride can be a risk factor for hypertension . Cross-sectional analysis was conducted in two study areas to assess the relation of fluoride with blood pressure prevalence, BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) among different age groups in both sexes. The mean value of fluoride concentration in the drinking water from the four study villages varied from 0.68 to 10.30 mg/L. The overall prevalence of HTN and prehypertension in all subjects was 40.7%. The prevalence of isolated systolic hypertension, isolated diastolic hypertension, systolic-diastolic hypertension, and prehypertension in the total sample population was 1.15, 0.28, 9.53, and 29.76%, respectively. The odd ratio of hypertension in residents who drank water with high fluoride levels was higher than that in residents who drank water with lower level of fluoride (OR 2.3, 1.03–5.14). Logistic regression results showed that age ( P  < 0.001), sex ( P  = 0.018), BMI ( P  = 0.015), and the fluoride level in drinking water ( P  = 0.041) had a significant relationship with increased blood pressure. There were no statistically significant correlations between fluoride and BMI, hip circumference, and waist to hip ratio (WHR). The findings of this study are important for health care personnel and policymakers.