On the dynamical ferromagnetic, quantum Hall, and relativistic effects on the carbon nanotubes nucleation and growth mechanism

• Published in: Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials Vol. 320; no. 3; pp. 540 - 547
• Main Authors: Little, Reginald B., Biris, A.R., Lupu, D., Xu, Yang, Li, Zhongrui, Dervishi, Enkeleda, Biris, Alexandru S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 01.02.2008; Elsevier Science
• Subjects: Carbon nanotube synthesis; Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties; Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin films and low-dimensional structures; Electronic transport in multilayers, nanoscale materials and structures; Exact sciences and technology; Magnetic properties and materials; Magnetic properties of nanostructures; Magnetism; Mechanism; Nanotubes; Physics; Magnetism; Mechanism; Carbon nanotube synthesis; Spin waves; Magnetic field effects; Ferromagnetic materials; Carbon nanotubes; Quantum Hall effect; Relativistic effect; Hybridization; Spin dynamics; Growth mechanism; Spin-orbit interactions; Ferromagnetism; Formation mechanism
• ISSN: 0304-8853
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2007.07.031

The mechanism of carbon nanotube (CNT) nucleation and growth has been under investigation for 15 years, since the discovery of this most explored material of the 20th century. Prior models have attempted the extension of classical transport mechanisms used to explain the older, bigger, micron-sized filamentous carbon formations. In July 2000, a more thorough, detailed, nonclassical, and relativistic mechanism was formulated considering the detailed dynamics of the electronics of relativistic spin and rehybridization dynamics between the carbon and the catalyst via novel mesoscopic phenomena driven by intrinsic dynamical ferromagnetic fields by spin currents and spin waves of the catalyst for activating catalytically stimulated, synchronized, orchestrated, simultaneous, and coherent hydrocarbon decomposition, adsorption, absorption, transport, electronic subshell rehybridization by spin mechanics, and multi-atomic bond rearrangements for the nucleation and growth of the CNT. In this dynamical magnetic mechanism, quantum Hall effects and relativistic Dirac spin effects of intense many body spin–orbital interactions for novel orbital hybrid dynamics (the Little Effect) were proposed due to the mesoscopic size of the system. The formulation of this dynamical ferromagnetic mechanism naturally led to the first realization and explanation of a physical basis for ferromagnetic nanocarbon. This discovered ferromagnetism of the carbon and the forming CNT intermediates facilitates the coupling of the CNT to the ferrocatalyst for the spin currents and spin waves of the catalyst to organize and synchronize the 12 steps for the nucleation and growth processes of the CNT. Here, this dynamical ferromagnetic mechanism of CNT formation via spin currents and spin waves is proven by imposing both an external static magnetic field via the bore of a strong DC magnet and an external dynamic magnetic field via intense radio frequency electromagnetic radiation for influencing the proposed spin currents and spin waves for the observations of the static magnetic field's hindrance on the CNT formation and the dynamic magnetic field's enhancement and selectivity of CNT nucleation and growth.