Cooperation of TGF-β and FGF signalling pathways in skin development

The skin is a multi-layered structure composed of the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis originates entirely from the ectoderm, whereas the dermis originates from various germ layers depending on its anatomical location; thus, there are different developmental patterns of the skin. Alth...

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Published inCell proliferation Vol. 56; no. 11; p. e13489
Main Authors Li, Xinxin, Xie, Rongfang, Luo, Yilin, Shi, Runlu, Ling, Yuanqiang, Zhao, Xiaojing, Xu, Xuejuan, Chu, Weiwei, Wang, Xusheng
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published England John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.11.2023
John Wiley and Sons Inc
Subjects
Cell differentiation
Cell growth
Cell migration
Cytokines
Dermis
Ectoderm
Embryos
Epidermis
Fibroblast growth factors
Fibroblasts
Gene expression
Growth factors
Hypodermis
Kinases
Ligands
Modulators
Morphogenesis
Multilayers
Phosphorylation
Proteins
Regulatory mechanisms (biology)
Review
Signal transduction
Skin
Transforming growth factor-b
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Summary:The skin is a multi-layered structure composed of the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis originates entirely from the ectoderm, whereas the dermis originates from various germ layers depending on its anatomical location; thus, there are different developmental patterns of the skin. Although the regulatory mechanisms of epidermal formation are well understood, mechanisms regulating dermis development are not clear owing to the complex origin. It has been shown that several morphogenetic pathways regulate dermis development. Of these, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling pathways are the main modulators regulating skin cell induction, fate decision, migration and differentiation. Recently, the successful generation of human skin by modulating TGF-β and FGF signals further demonstrated the irreplaceable roles of these pathways in skin regeneration. This review provides evidence of the role of TGF-β and FGF signalling pathways in the development of different skin layers, especially the disparate dermis of different body regions. This review also provides new perspectives on the distinct developmental patterns of skin and explores new ideas for clinical applications in the future.
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Xinxin Li, Rongfang Xie and Yilin Luo contributed equally to this study.
ISSN:0960-7722
1365-2184
DOI:10.1111/cpr.13489