Interplay of immune modulation, adaptive response and hormesis: Suggestive of threshold for clinical manifestation of effects of ionizing radiation at low doses?

• Published in: The Science of the total environment Vol. 917; p. 170178
• Main Authors: Chaurasia, R.K., Sapra, B.K., Aswal, D.K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 20.03.2024
• Subjects: Adaptive response; Antioxidant defense system; Clinical significance of LDR; environment; hormesis; humans; Immune modulation; immunomodulation; Linear No-threshold (LNT) hypothesis; Low dose radiation effects; public opinion; Radiation hormesis; Clinical significance of LDR; Linear No-threshold (LNT) hypothesis; Low dose radiation effects; Adaptive response; Radiation hormesis; Immune modulation; Antioxidant defense system
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170178

The health impacts of low-dose ionizing radiation exposures have been a subject of debate over the last three to four decades. While there has been enough evidence of “no adverse observable” health effects at low doses and low dose rates, the hypothesis of “Linear No Threshold” continues to rule and govern the principles of radiation protection and the formulation of regulations and public policies. In adopting this conservative approach, the role of the biological processes underway in the human body is kept at abeyance. This review consolidates the available studies that discuss all related biological pathways and repair mechanisms that inhibit the progression of deleterious effects at low doses and low dose rates of ionizing radiation. It is pertinent that, taking cognizance of these processes, there is a need to have a relook at policies of radiation protection, which as of now are too stringent, leading to undue economic losses and negative public perception about radiation. [Display omitted] •LNT hypothesis validity uncertain - inconclusive on low-dose effects.•Evidence supports LDR advantages at cellular, individual, and population levels.•Mechanistic understanding of LDR in immune modulation, adaptive responses.•LDR clinically vital for combatting diseases, cancer, and COVID-19.•Review radiation protection policies for economic balance, ensuring safety.