Lidar reveals pre-Hispanic low-density urbanism in the Bolivian Amazon

• Published in: Nature (London) Vol. 606; no. 7913; pp. 325 - 328
• Main Authors: Prümers, Heiko, Betancourt, Carla Jaimes, Iriarte, José, Robinson, Mark, Schaich, Martin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 09.06.2022; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 706/689/19/27; 706/689/680; Anthropogenic factors; Archaeology; Architecture; Canals; Construction; Density; Hispanic people; Humanities and Social Sciences; Lidar; Mounds; multidisciplinary; Pyramids; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Tropical forests; Urbanism
• ISSN: 0028-0836; 1476-4687
• DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04780-4

Archaeological remains of agrarian-based, low-density urbananism 1 – 3 have been reported to exist beneath the tropical forests of Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and Central America 4 – 6 . However, beyond some large interconnected settlements in southern Amazonia 7 – 9 , there has been no such evidence for pre-Hispanic Amazonia. Here we present lidar data of sites belonging to the Casarabe culture (around ad  500 to ad  1400) 10 – 13 in the Llanos de Mojos savannah–forest mosaic, southwest Amazonia, revealing the presence of two remarkably large sites (147 ha and 315 ha) in a dense four-tiered settlement system. The Casarabe culture area, as far as known today, spans approximately 4,500 km 2 , with one of the large settlement sites controlling an area of approximately 500 km 2 . The civic-ceremonial architecture of these large settlement sites includes stepped platforms, on top of which lie U-shaped structures, rectangular platform mounds and conical pyramids (which are up to 22 m tall). The large settlement sites are surrounded by ranked concentric polygonal banks and represent central nodes that are connected to lower-ranked sites by straight, raised causeways that stretch over several kilometres. Massive water-management infrastructure, composed of canals and reservoirs, complete the settlement system in an anthropogenically modified landscape. Our results indicate that the Casarabe-culture settlement pattern represents a type of tropical low-density urbanism that has not previously been described in Amazonia. Two remarkably large sites in southwest Amazonia, belonging to the Casarabe culture, include complex civic-ceremonial architecture and large water-management infrastructure, representing a type of tropical low-density urbanism that has not previously been described in Amazonia.