Behaviors of the Yukon River Sediment Plume in the Bering Sea: Relations to Glacier-Melt Discharge and Sediment Load

• Published in: Water (Basel) Vol. 13; no. 19; p. 2646
• Main Authors: Chikita, Kazuhisa, Wada, Tomoyuki, Kudo, Isao, Saitoh, Sei-Ichi, Hirawake, Toru, Toratani, Mitsuhiro
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.10.2021
• Subjects: Coastal waters; density underflow; Dispersion; Drainage basins; Flocculation; Fluvial sediments; Glaciers; Glaciohydrology; Grain size; Image analysis; Image processing; Infrared analysis; Laboratories; MODIS; MODIS image; Plumes; River discharge; River flow; Rivers; Salinity; Satellite imagery; Sediment load; Sedimentation & deposition; Sediments; surface sediment plume; Surface water; Suspended sediments; Water temperature; Yukon River; Bering Sea; Canada; Amazon River; United States > US; Yukon River; Mackenzie River
• ISSN: 2073-4441; 2073-4441
• DOI: 10.3390/w13192646

Sediment plumes, released to the Bering Sea from the delta front of the Yukon River, Alaska, are initiated mainly by glacier-melt sediment runoffs in the glacierized regions of the Yukon River drainage basin. The surface sediment plumes are extended around the fan-shaped Yukon River delta, which is followed by the northwestward dispersion. During continuous measurements of the Yukon River discharge and sediment load, behaviors of the sediment plumes were explored by shipboard and coastal observations in the Bering Sea. At the high river sediment load of ca. 2500 kg/s, the plume partially plunged into the sea bottom layer. The plunging probably originated in the nepheloid-layer formation from the flocculation of river-suspended sediment, of which more than 90% wt. is silt and clay (grain size d < 63 μm). In order to numerically obtain the area of the surface sediment plumes, a satellite image analysis was performed by using three near-infrared bands in MODIS/Aqua or MODIS/Terra. The plume area was significantly correlated (R2 = 0.735, p < 0.01) to the sediment load averaged for the two days with time lags of 20 days and 21 days to the date of a certain satellite image. Hence, the dispersion of plume-suspended sediment appears to be controlled by the sediment runoff events in the Yukon River rather than the northward “Alaskan Coastal Water”.