Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme I/D and α-Adducin Gly460Trp Polymorphisms: From Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Activity to Cardiovascular Outcome

• Published in: Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. 1979) Vol. 49; no. 6; pp. 1291 - 1297
• Main Authors: Li, Yan, Zagato, Laura, Kuznetsova, Tatiana, Tripodi, Grazia, Zerbini, Gianpaolo, Richart, Tom, Thijs, Lutgarde, Manunta, Paolo, Wang, Ji-Guang, Bianchi, Giuseppe, Staessen, Jan A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Philadelphia, PA American Heart Association, Inc 01.06.2007; Hagerstown, MD Lippincott
• Subjects: Aged; Antihypertensive agents; Arterial hypertension. Arterial hypotension; Biological and medical sciences; Blood and lymphatic vessels; Calmodulin-Binding Proteins - genetics; Calmodulin-Binding Proteins - physiology; Cardiology. Vascular system; Cardiovascular Diseases - diagnosis; Cardiovascular Diseases - genetics; Cardiovascular Diseases - physiopathology; Cardiovascular system; Cell Line; Cells, Cultured; Clinical manifestations. Epidemiology. Investigative techniques. Etiology; Diuretics - therapeutic use; Female; Glycine; Homozygote; Humans; Hypertension - drug therapy; Hypertension - physiopathology; Male; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Mutation - genetics; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A - genetics; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A - physiology; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide - genetics; Predictive Value of Tests; Prognosis; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Tryptophan; Human; Heart failure; risk factors; Prognosis; Angiotensin I; Mortality; Cardiovascular disease; adducin; Epidemiology; Heart disease; Risk factor; clinical genetics; Predictive value; Caucasoid; Fibroblast; Comparative study; Polymorphism; angiotensin-converting enzyme
• ISSN: 0194-911X; 1524-4563; 1524-4563
• DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.106.085498

The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D and the α-adducin (ADD1) Gly460Trp polymorphisms are associated with cardiovascular risk factors. In a prospective population study and in cell models, we investigated the combined effects of these 2 polymorphisms. We randomly recruited 1287 white subjects (women50.0%; mean age55.9 years). We obtained outcomes from registries and repeat examinations (median 3). Over 9.0 years (median), 178 fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular events occurred. In ADD1 Trp allele carriers, the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios associated with ACE DD versus I were 1.72 (P=0.007) for total mortality, 2.35 (P=0.02) for cardiovascular mortality, 2.02 (P=0.005) for all cardiovascular events, and 2.59 (P=0.03) for heart failure. In contrast, these hazard ratios did not reach significance in ADD1 GlyGly homozygotes (0.08≤P≤0.90). The positive predictive value and attributable risk associated with ACE DD homozygosity combined with mutated ADD1 were 36.2% and 10.3%, respectively. To clarify our epidemiological observations, we investigated the effects of mutated human ADD1 on the membrane-bound ACE activity in fibroblasts from 51 volunteers and in transfected human embryonic kidney cells (31 experiments). In fibroblasts (5.10 versus 3.63 nanomoles of generated hippuric acid per milligram of protein per minute; P=0.0021) and human embryonic kidney cells (1.086 versus 0.081 nmol/mg per minute; P=0.017), the membrane-bound ACE activity increased in the presence but not absence of the ADD1 Trp allele. In conclusion, the combination of ACE DD homozygosity and mutated ADD1 worsened cardiovascular prognosis to a similar extent as classic risk factors, possibly because of increased membrane-bound ACE activity in subjects carrying the ADD1 Trp allele.