Three-Dimensional Assessment of Facial Appearance following Surgical Repair of Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate

• Published in: The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal Vol. 51; no. 4; pp. 462 - 471
• Main Authors: Bell, Aileen, Lo, Tsz-Wai Rachel, Brown, Denise, Bowman, Adrian W., Siebert, J. Paul, Simmons, David R., Millett, Declan T., Ayoub, Ashraf F.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Los Angeles, CA SAGE Publications 01.07.2014; SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC
• Subjects: Anatomic Landmarks; Child; Cleft Lip - surgery; Cleft Palate - surgery; Deformities; Dentistry; Face; Facial Asymmetry - diagnostic imaging; Female; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Male; Maxillofacial surgery; Photography; Reproducibility of Results; Retrospective Studies; Scotland; Studies; Three dimensional imaging; Canada; cleft lip + palate; 3D imaging; surgical outcomes; facial asymmetry
• ISSN: 1055-6656; 1545-1569
• DOI: 10.1597/12-140

Background and Objective Objective assessment of postsurgical facial asymmetry can be difficult, but three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques have made this possible. The objective of this study was to assess residual asymmetry in surgically repaired unilateral cleft lip (UCL) and unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) patients and to compare this with noncleft controls. Design Retrospective multicohort comparative study. Patients and Methods Fifty-one 10-year-old children with surgically managed UCLP and 44 children with UCL were compared with a control group of 68 ten-year-olds. The 3D facial models at rest and with maximum smile were created using a 3D imaging system. Asymmetry scores were produced using both anatomical landmarks and a novel method of facial curve analysis. Results Asymmetry for the whole face was significantly higher in both cleft groups compared with controls (P < .001). UCLP asymmetry was higher than UCL (P < .001). In cleft patients, the upper lip and nasal rim were the most asymmetric (P < .001 to .05). Control subjects also displayed a degree of facial asymmetry. Maximum smile did not significantly affect the symmetry of the whole face, but it increased asymmetry of the vermillion border and nasal rim in all three groups (P < .001). Conclusions Despite surgical intervention at an early age, asymmetry remains significant in cleft patients at 10 years of age. Three-dimensional imaging is a noninvasive objective assessment tool that identifies specific areas of the face responsible for asymmetry. Facial curve analysis describes the face more comprehensively and characterizes soft tissue contours.