Analysis of Scores, Datasets, and Models in Visual Saliency Prediction

• Published in: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision pp. 921 - 928
• Main Authors: Borji, Ali, Tavakoli, Hamed R., Sihite, Dicky N., Itti, Laurent
• Format: Conference Proceeding Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: IEEE 01.12.2013
• Subjects: Accuracy; Analytical models; Assessments; Benchmark testing; Benchmarking; Categories; Computer vision; eye movements; Face; Fixation; Mathematical models; model benchmarking; Predictive models; saliency; Smoothing; Smoothing methods; Statistics; visual attention; Visualization
• ISSN: 1550-5499; 2380-7504
• DOI: 10.1109/ICCV.2013.118

Significant recent progress has been made in developing high-quality saliency models. However, less effort has been undertaken on fair assessment of these models, over large standardized datasets and correctly addressing confounding factors. In this study, we pursue a critical and quantitative look at challenges (e.g., center-bias, map smoothing) in saliency modeling and the way they affect model accuracy. We quantitatively compare 32 state-of-the-art models (using the shuffled AUC score to discount center-bias) on 4 benchmark eye movement datasets, for prediction of human fixation locations and scan path sequence. We also account for the role of map smoothing. We find that, although model rankings vary, some (e.g., AWS, LG, AIM, and HouNIPS) consistently outperform other models over all datasets. Some models work well for prediction of both fixation locations and scan path sequence (e.g., Judd, GBVS). Our results show low prediction accuracy for models over emotional stimuli from the NUSEF dataset. Our last benchmark, for the first time, gauges the ability of models to decode the stimulus category from statistics of fixations, saccades, and model saliency values at fixated locations. In this test, ITTI and AIM models win over other models. Our benchmark provides a comprehensive high-level picture of the strengths and weaknesses of many popular models, and suggests future research directions in saliency modeling.