Heterogeneous base catalysts: Synthesis and application for biodiesel production – A review

• Published in: Bioresource technology Vol. 331; p. 125054
• Main Authors: Jayakumar, Mani, Karmegam, Natchimuthu, Gundupalli, Marttin Paulraj, Bizuneh Gebeyehu, Kaleab, Tessema Asfaw, Belete, Chang, Soon Woong, Ravindran, Balasubramani, Kumar Awasthi, Mukesh
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.07.2021
• Subjects: animal fats and oils; Animals; biodiesel; Biofuel; Biofuels; Catalysis; catalysts; cost effectiveness; Esterification; feedstocks; Heterogeneous catalyst; Organic wastes; Plant Oils; pollution; technology; Transesterification; vegetables; Heterogeneous catalyst; Biofuel; Organic wastes; Transesterification
• ISSN: 0960-8524; 1873-2976; 1873-2976
• DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125054

[Display omitted] •Vegetable oils, animal fat and microalgae are major biodiesel feedstock materials.•CaO derived from calcination of biowastes in biodiesel production is explored.•Biodiesel production and reusability are enhanced with calcined biowastes.•Biodiesel yield with calcined heterogenous base catalysts improved above 98%. Recently, much research has been carried out to find a suitable catalyst for the transesterification process during biodiesel production where heterogeneous catalysts play a crucial role. As homogenous catalysts present drawbacks such as slow reaction rate, high-cost due to the use of food grade oils, problems associated with separation process, and environmental pollution, heterogenous catalysts are more preferred. Animal shells and bones are the biowastes suitably calcined for the synthesis of heterogenous base catalyst. The catalysts synthesized using organic wastes are environmentally friendly, and cost-effective. The present review is dedicated to synthesis of heterogeneous basic catalysts from the natural resources or biowastes in biodiesel production through transesterification of oils. Use of calcined catalysts for converting potential feedstocks (vegetable oils and animal fat) into biodiesel/FAME is effective and safe, and the yield could be improved over 98%. There is a vast scope for biowaste-derived catalysts in green production of biofuel.