Deep Gaussian processes for multiple instance learning: Application to CT intracranial hemorrhage detection

• Published in: Computer methods and programs in biomedicine Vol. 219; p. 106783
• Main Authors: López-Pérez, Miguel, Schmidt, Arne, Wu, Yunan, Molina, Rafael, Katsaggelos, Aggelos K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Ireland Elsevier B.V 01.06.2022
• Subjects: Deep Gaussian processes; Intracranial hemorrhage detection; Multiple instance learning; Weakly supervised learning; Intracranial hemorrhage detection; Multiple instance learning; Deep Gaussian processes; Weakly supervised learning
• ISSN: 0169-2607; 1872-7565
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106783

•For ICH detection in CT scans, we used scan labels in a MIL setting combining an attention-based CNN and DGPs.•This work is the first in proposing a MIL model based on DGPs. Also, it is the first one applying DGPs to the ICH detection problem in CT scans.•Combining the CNN and GPs achieves better results than using only the CNN.•DGPMIL outperforms other models. They are much better in all precision scores.•DGPMIL also generalizes better. It is capable of predicting in a new unseen database provided by another center with satisfying results. Background and objective: Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening emergency that can lead to brain damage or death, with high rates of mortality and morbidity. The fast and accurate detection of ICH is important for the patient to get an early and efficient treatment. To improve this diagnostic process, the application of Deep Learning (DL) models on head CT scans is an active area of research. Although promising results have been obtained, many of the proposed models require slice-level annotations by radiologists, which are costly and time-consuming. Methods: We formulate the ICH detection as a problem of Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) that allows training with only scan-level annotations. We develop a new probabilistic method based on Deep Gaussian Processes (DGP) that is able to train with this MIL setting and accurately predict ICH at both slice- and scan-level. The proposed DGPMIL model is able to capture complex feature relations by using multiple Gaussian Process (GP) layers, as we show experimentally. Results: To highlight the advantages of DGPMIL in a general MIL setting, we first conduct several controlled experiments on the MNIST dataset. We show that multiple GP layers outperform one-layer GP models, especially for complex feature distributions. For ICH detection experiments, we use two public brain CT datasets (RSNA and CQ500). We first train a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with an attention mechanism to extract the image features, which are fed into our DGPMIL model to perform the final predictions. The results show that DGPMIL model outperforms VGPMIL as well as the attention-based CNN for MIL and other state-of-the-art methods for this problem. The best performing DGPMIL model reaches an AUC-ROC of 0.957 (resp. 0.909) and an AUC-PR of 0.961 (resp. 0.889) on the RSNA (resp. CQ500) dataset. Conclusion: The competitive performance at slice- and scan-level shows that DGPMIL model provides an accurate diagnosis on slices without the need for slice-level annotations by radiologists during training. As MIL is a common problem setting, our model can be applied to a broader range of other tasks, especially in medical image classification, where it can help the diagnostic process.