Enantiomer-specific burden of metalaxyl and myclobutanil in non-occupationally exposed population with evidence from dietary intake and urinary excretion

• Published in: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety Vol. 267; p. 115623
• Main Authors: Ding, Jinjian, Sun, Yan, Motimer, Monika, Guo, Liang-Hong, Yang, Fangxing
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Inc 15.11.2023; Elsevier
• Subjects: Body burden; Chiral fungicide; Enantiomeric fractions; Monte-Carlo simulation; Risk assessment; Body burden; Monte-Carlo simulation; Risk assessment; Enantiomeric fractions; Chiral fungicide
• ISSN: 0147-6513; 1090-2414
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115623

Metalaxyl (MET) and myclobutanil (MYC) are two widely used chiral fungicides that may pose health risks to non-occupationally exposed populations. Here, the two fungicides were enantiomer-specific quantified in the dietary food and urine of residents in an Eastern China city, to determine the exposure and excretion of these contaminants in different populations. Results indicate that residues of MET and MYC varied with different food items at 0.42–0.86 ng/g fresh weight (FW) and 0.18–0.33 ng/g FW, respectively. In urine samples, the residual levels after creatinine adjusting (CR) ranged from 10.2 to 1715.4 ng/g CR for MET and were below the detection limit up to 320.7 ng/g CR for MYC. Significant age- and gender-related differences were separately found in urinary MET and MYC of different populations. Monte-Carlo simulations suggested that children had higher daily dietary intake (DDI) but lower urinary excretion (DUE) rates than youths, and thus may suffer higher body burdens. The residues of antifungally ineffective enantiomers (S-MET and R-MYC) were slightly higher than their antipodes in foods. Moreover, the enantiomer-selective urinary excretion resulted in higher retention of S-MET and R-MYC in the human body. Our results suggest that both dietary intake and urinary excretion should be enantiomer-specifically considered when assessing the exposure risk and body burden of chiral fungicides in the non-occupationally exposed population. Furthermore, substitutive application of enantiomer-enriched fungicide formulations can not only benefit the antifungal efficacy but also be safer for human health. [Display omitted] •Metalaxyl and myclobutanil were enantiomer-specifically detected in food and urine.•Urinary excretion of metalaxyl and myclobutanil were age- and gender-dependent.•Children intake more metalaxyl and myclobutanil but excrete less than youths.•Antifungally ineffective enantiomers brought extra burden to the human body.