The shared ancestry between the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion and intermediate-length alleles using haplotype sharing trees and HAPTK

• Published in: American journal of human genetics Vol. 111; no. 2; pp. 383 - 392
• Main Authors: Rautila, Osma S., Kaivola, Karri, Rautila, Harri, Hokkanen, Laura, Launes, Jyrki, Strandberg, Timo E., Laaksovirta, Hannu, Palmio, Johanna, Tienari, Pentti J.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.02.2024
• Subjects: Alleles; ALS; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - genetics; C9orf72; C9orf72 Protein - genetics; DNA Repeat Expansion - genetics; FTD; GGGGCC; haplotype sharing tree; Haplotypes - genetics; HAPTK; HST; Humans; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases - genetics; repeat disorders; repeat expansion; Trees - genetics; GGGGCC; repeat expansion; haplotype sharing tree; FTD; ALS; HST; HAPTK; C9orf72; repeat disorders
• ISSN: 0002-9297; 1537-6605; 1537-6605
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.12.019

The C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) is a common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The inheritance is autosomal dominant, but a high proportion of subjects with the mutation are simplex cases. One possible explanation is de novo expansions of unstable intermediate-length alleles (IAs). Using haplotype sharing trees (HSTs) with the haplotype analysis tool kit (HAPTK), we derived majority-based ancestral haplotypes of HRE samples and discovered that IAs containing ≥18–20 repeats share large haplotypes in common with the HRE. Using HSTs of HRE and IA samples, we demonstrate that the longer IA haplotypes are largely indistinguishable from HRE haplotypes and that several ≥18–20 IA haplotypes share over 5 Mb (>600 markers) haplotypes in common with the HRE haplotypes. These analysis tools allow physical understanding of the haplotype blocks shared with the majority-based ancestral haplotype. Our results demonstrate that the haplotypes with longer IAs belong to the same pool of haplotypes as the HRE and suggest that longer IAs represent potential premutation alleles. Using haplotype sharing trees and majority-based ancestral haplotypes, we demonstrate that the C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion and alleles with ≥18–20 repeats share large haplotype blocks, indicating very recent shared ancestry. This was in sharp contrast to the shorter alleles, suggesting that expansions might be formed from the longer repeat alleles.