Effects of endosulfan, thiamethoxam, and indoxacarb in combination with atrazine on multi-biomarkers in Gammarus kischineffensis

• Published in: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety Vol. 147; pp. 749 - 758
• Main Authors: Demirci, Özlem, Güven, Kemal, Asma, Dilek, Öğüt, Serdal, Uğurlu, Pelin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier Inc 01.01.2018
• Subjects: Amphipoda - drug effects; Amphipoda - enzymology; Animals; Atrazine; Atrazine - toxicity; Biomarkers - analysis; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Synergism; Endosulfan; Endosulfan - toxicity; Environmental Monitoring - methods; Gammarus kischineffensis; Herbicides - toxicity; Indoxacarb; Insecticides - toxicity; Lethal Dose 50; Neonicotinoids - toxicity; Nitro Compounds - toxicity; Oxazines - toxicity; Oxidative Stress - drug effects; Pesticide mixture; Soil Pollutants - toxicity; Thiamethoxam; Thiazoles - toxicity; Time Factors; Toxicity Tests, Acute; Endosulfan; Thiamethoxam; Pesticide mixture; Indoxacarb; Gammarus kischineffensis; Atrazine
• ISSN: 0147-6513; 1090-2414
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.038

Studies addressing the toxicity of pesticides towards non-target organisms focus on the median lethal concentration and biochemical response of individual pesticides. However, when determining environmental risks, it is important to test the combined effects of pesticides, such as insecticides and herbicides, which are frequently used together in agricultural areas. Here we aimed to investigate the toxic effects of the combined use of the herbicide atrazine and the insecticides, endosulfan, indoxacarb, and thiamethoxam on Gammarus kischineffensis. To do this, we tested the activities of oxidative stress, detoxification, and neurotoxicity biomarkers. Compared to atrazine alone, we detected higher glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase activities (oxidative stress biomarkers) when atrazine was combined with either endosulfan or indoxacarb. However, higher IBR values were determined in organisms where pesticide mixtures were used according to individual use. Based on these results, mixtures of atrazine and other pesticides may cause synergistic effects and may be evidence of increased toxicity and oxidative stress. •The toxic effects of pesticide mixtures on non-target organisms have been assessed in this study.•The END + ATR mixture is more effective on biomarker responses than the other mixtures.•G. kichneffensis may be used as a bioindicator species to detect the effects of environmental pollutants.•IBR is a much more useful tool for aquatic toxicology studies than a single biomarker.