Causal beliefs, social participation, and loneliness among older adults: A longitudinal study

• Published in: Journal of social and personal relationships Vol. 26; no. 2-3; pp. 273 - 290
• Main Authors: Newall, Nancy E., Chipperfield, Judith G., Clifton, Rodney A., Perry, Raymond P., Swift, Audrey U., Ruthig, Joelle C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London, England SAGE Publications 01.03.2009; Sage Publications Ltd
• Subjects: Aged; Attribution theory; Belief & doubt; Beliefs; Causal analysis; Causality; Elderly; Emotions; Friendship; Health; Loneliness; Longitudinal studies; Males; Motivation; Older people; Participation; Perception; Social development; Social integration; Social Participation; Social psychology; Studies; attribution theory; health; loneliness; social participation; causal attributions
• ISSN: 0265-4075; 1460-3608
• DOI: 10.1177/0265407509106718

Loneliness can be seen as a social failure subject to causal search: Why am I lonely? Why do I lack friends? According to attribution theory, answers to these questions can influence emotions, motivation, and behaviours. This study examined the relationships between various affiliative causal beliefs (i.e., beliefs about loneliness and friendship development), social participation, and loneliness among older adults (72+ years). Cross-sectional and longitudinal (over five years) results showed that more strongly endorsing internal/controllable causal beliefs (i.e., believing that making friends depends on effort) related to greater social participation. Moreover, greater social participation related to less loneliness. External/uncontrollable causal beliefs predicted greater loneliness. In fully addressing loneliness, it may be important to focus on people's causal beliefs.