A New Contaminant Superhighway? A Review of Sources, Measurement Techniques and Fate of Atmospheric Microplastics

• Published in: Water, air, and soil pollution Vol. 231; no. 2
• Main Authors: Mbachu, Oluchi, Jenkins, Graham, Pratt, Chris, Kaparaju, Prasad
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.02.2020; Springer; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Addition polymerization; Air; Analytical methods; Anthropogenic factors; Atmospheric particulates; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Biosphere; Climate Change/Climate Change Impacts; Color; Colour; Compartments; Contaminants; Contamination; Dust; Dust storms; Earth and Environmental Science; Environment; Environmental monitoring; Fibers; Human influences; Hydrogeology; Indoor air quality; Measurement; Measurement techniques; Microplastic pollution; Microplastics; Plastic debris; Plastic pollution; Pollution; Polymers; Pretreatment; Reviews; Sample preparation; Sampling; Sampling methods; Size distribution; Soil; Soil contamination; Soil dispersion; Soil Science & Conservation; Soil water; Spherules; Standardization; Threat evaluation; Water pollution; Water Quality/Water Pollution; Dust; Atmospheric fallout; Atmosphere; Microfibres; Street dust; Outdoor air; Microplastics; Indoor air
• ISSN: 0049-6979; 1573-2932
• DOI: 10.1007/s11270-020-4459-4

Microplastic pollution is a significant and growing environmental issue. Recent studies have evaluated the atmosphere as an important pathway of microplastic contamination. Airborne microplastics can be transported long distances and accumulate in various terrestrial and aquatic environmental matrices, where they represent a threat to the biosphere. This review systematically summarizes the existing knowledge on airborne microplastics, including the different sampling and analytical techniques, occurrence and sources. We investigate the different sample collection techniques from street dust to indoor and outdoor air and examined sample preparation, pre-treatment and characterization techniques. We further explored the key factors with respect to their occurrence in the environment such as concentration levels, polymer composition, size distribution, shape and colour characteristics. The sources of airborne microplastics were also summarized. The results show that microplastics are ubiquitous in all atmospheric compartments including street dust and indoor and outdoor air at various concentrations, which is influenced by the community’s lifestyle choices, anthropogenic activities and meteorological conditions. Various forms of microplastics including spherules, film, fragments, fibres and granules were identified with fibrous microplastics being the most dominant. Additionally, microplastics of 20 different polymers and varying colour characteristic have been reported in studies focusing on airborne microplastic contamination. The size distribution of microplastics varied among the studied air compartments; however, they were mostly distributed towards the smaller size ranges, less than 1 mm. Our review highlights a need to consider atmospheric pathways in addition to soil and water migration dispersion processes for any holistic assessments of microplastic threats to the biosphere. Moreover, standardization of airborne microplastic sampling methods is needed to optimize the effectiveness of future work in this area. Graphical Abstract Microplastics in atmospheric environments