On the benefits of desulfated seawater flooding in mature hydrocarbon fields

• Published in: The Science of the total environment Vol. 904; p. 166732
• Main Authors: Mahmoodi, A., Hosseinzadehsadati, S.B., Kermani, H.M., Nick, H.M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 15.12.2023
• Subjects: Desulfation; Microbial sulfate reduction; Modified salinity water flooding; Nitrate treatment; Produced water re-injection; Reservoir souring; Modified salinity water flooding; Desulfation; Nitrate treatment; Reservoir souring; Microbial sulfate reduction; Produced water re-injection
• ISSN: 0048-9697; 1879-1026
• DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166732

Removal of sulfate from the injection seawater (desulfation) in hydrocarbon reservoirs is a Modified Salinity Water (MSW) flooding method that mitigates microbial reservoir souring, improves oil recovery, and enables produced-water re-injection (PWRI). Aside from the Improved Oil Recovery (IOR) effect, desulfation results in a cleaner production of oil through enabling PWRI and reducing the environmental impacts associated with reservoir souring and nitrate treatment. However, whether desulfation is still beneficial for mature fields, after years of the injection of untreated seawater, is a valid common concern. In such cases, sulfate concentration inside the reservoir has already increased due to years of untreated seawater injection. The high sulfate concentration inside the subsurface reservoir before desulfated water flooding may render desulfation pointless. The present study investigates the potential benefits of desulfation after around 20 years of untreated seawater injection in a sector of an oil field in the Danish North Sea. The results show that depending on the cessation of production point in time and the efficiency of residual oil saturation reduction of MSW flooding, desulfation results in a significant increase in oil production. Even if improving oil recovery is no longer a priority, modification of injected seawater would still help reduce the amount of water required to support a given oil production rate. Moreover, desulfation is considerably more effective than nitrate treatment in mitigating microbial reservoir souring. Furthermore, the possibility of scale formation is decreased considerably due to desulfation, which further encourages PWRI. [Display omitted] •Desulfation can still be beneficial after years of untreated seawater injection.•Souring is better mitigated with desulfation than nitrate treatment.•Desulfation enhances oil recovery while reducing watercut.•Produced water re-injection is more viable with desulfation.•The environmental footprint of oil production is decreased with desulfation.