Thermodynamic assessment of CO2 to carbon nanofiber transformation for carbon sequestration in a combined cycle gas or a coal power plant

• Published in: Energy conversion and management Vol. 122; pp. 400 - 410
• Main Authors: Lau, Jason, Dey, Gangotri, Licht, Stuart
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 15.08.2016
• Subjects: Carbon nanofibers; CO2 sequestration; CO2 utilization; Molten carbonates; Solar thermal electrochemical process; Thermodynamic analysis; CO2 sequestration; Carbon nanofibers; Solar thermal electrochemical process; CO2 utilization; Thermodynamic analysis; Molten carbonates
• ISSN: 0196-8904; 1879-2227
• DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.06.007

•Gas CC plant without CO2 emissions producing carbon nanotubes instead is presented.•Gas CC power plant output per ton fuel: 2.7 ton CO2, $909 electricity & $0 of CNT.•CNT CC gas power plant per ton fuel: zero ton CO2, $835 electricity & $225,000 CNT.•CNTs and pure O2 are produced in a molten carbonate electrolyzer from split CO2.•Zero CO2 emission coal power plant producing CNTs instead is presented. Molten carbonate electrolyzers offer a pathway to capture emitted CO2 from the flue gas of the power plants and transform this greenhouse gas emission at low energy and high yield instead into a specific, value added, hollow carbon nanofiber product, carbon nanotubes. The present day value of the carbon nanotubes product is ∼10,000 that of proposed, or in place, current carbon tax costs of $30 per ton, strongly incentivizing carbon dioxide removal. The recent progress in high-temperature molten carbonate electrolysis systems for carbon dioxide utilization and the impact these advances have on developing a CO2-free fossil fuel power plant for electricity generation is presented. A thermodynamic model analysis is presented for a molten Li2CO3 electrolysis system incorporated within a combined cycle (CC) natural gas power plant to produce carbon nanofibers (CNF) and oxygen. Such a CC CNF plant system is shown to require 219kJ to convert one mole of CO2 to carbon, and generates electricity at higher efficiency due to pure oxygen looped back to the gas turbine input from the CO2 splitting, with the added advantages that (i) the CC CNF plant emits no CO2 and (ii) all CO2 is converted to value added carbon nanotubes useful for strong, lightweight construction, batteries and nanoelectronics. Converting to power and ton units, per metric ton of methane fuel consumed the CC CNF plant is thermodynamically assessed to produce 8350kWh of electricity and 0.75 ton of CNT and emits no CO2, while the CC plant produces 9090kWh of electricity and emits 2.74 ton CO2. The required energy balance for a carbon nanotube production from an analogous coal power plant consumes a larger fraction of the coal energy, and encourages co-generation with renewable electric energy.