Modulating Potency: Physicochemical Characteristics are a Determining Factor of TLR4-Agonist Nanosuspension Activity

• Published in: Journal of pharmaceutical sciences Vol. 103; no. 3; pp. 879 - 889
• Main Authors: Dowling, Quinton M., Sivananthan, Sandra J., Guderian, Jeff A., Moutaftsi, Magdalini, Chesko, James D., Fox, Christopher B., Vedvick, Thomas S., Kramer, Ryan M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.03.2014; Elsevier Limited
• Subjects: 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine - chemistry; 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine - pharmacology; Acylation; adjuvant; Adjuvants, Immunologic - chemistry; Adjuvants, Immunologic - pharmacology; Blood Cells - drug effects; Blood Cells - immunology; Blood Cells - metabolism; Chemical Phenomena; Cytokines - agonists; Cytokines - metabolism; Disaccharides - chemistry; Disaccharides - pharmacology; Drug Combinations; endotoxin; FTIR; glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA); Humans; in vitro bioactivity; Interferon-gamma Release Tests; Lipid A - analogs & derivatives; Lipid A - chemistry; Lipid A - pharmacology; Myristates - chemistry; Myristates - pharmacology; nanoparticle; Nanostructures - chemistry; Osmolar Concentration; Particle Size; phospholipid; Phosphorylation; physicochemical characterization; Surface Properties; Suspensions; Toll-Like Receptor 4 - agonists; Toll-like receptors (TLR); Transition Temperature; vaccine development; in vitro bioactivity; Toll-like receptors (TLR); vaccine development; glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA); adjuvant; FTIR; nanoparticle; physicochemical characterization; phospholipid; endotoxin
• ISSN: 0022-3549; 1520-6017
• DOI: 10.1002/jps.23868

Activity of adjuvanted vaccines is difficult to predict in vitro and in vivo. The wide compositional and conformational range of formulated adjuvants, from aluminum salts to oil-in-water emulsions, makes comparisons between physicochemical and immunological properties difficult. Even within a formulated adjuvant class, excipient selection and concentration can alter potency and physicochemical properties of the mixture. Complete characterization of physicochemical properties of adjuvanted vaccine formulations and relationship to biological response is necessary to move beyond a guess-and-check paradigm toward directed development. Here we present a careful physicochemical characterization of a two-component nanosuspension containing synthetic TLR-4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) and 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) at various molar ratios. Physicochemical properties were compared with potency, as measured by stimulation of cytokine production in human whole blood. We found a surprising, nonlinear relationship between physicochemical properties and GLA–DPPC ratios that corresponded well with changes in biological activity. We discuss these data in light of the current understanding of TLR4 activation and the conformation–potency relationship in development of adjuvanted vaccines.